Abstract This paper examines the necessity and results of the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965. It looks at the affluent American culture of the 1960s that created emission control regulations, which generally requires that auto exhaust gases have to be cleaner than ambient air. The paper argues both sides of the age-old debate of the environment versus economics.
From the Paper "Since World War II, the growth of industrialization skyrocketed. The industrialization growth caused more and more environmental problems. In 1952, a London "fog" killed three thousand (3,000) people in a few days. (Sullivan, p.12) Los Angeles smoke and fog or smog was already famous among the American people during that time. Attention needed to be paid to the growing environmental problems."
Abstract The paper defines what smog is and explains that it is often found in large urban areas. The writer breaks down and explains the chemical components of smog and its effects on health and the environment. The paper summarizes the Ontario Smog Plan and discusses whether it will work to reduce smog significantly. The writer suggests some tips that citizens can follow in order to contribute to the goals of the Ontario Plan. In conclusion, the writer states that, although not perfect, the plan is a step in the right direction and that hopefully, with community participation and clever fine-tuning, the Canadian city's plan will become a model for future environmental efforts around the world.
Table of Contents:
Emission Sources
- NOx emissions
- VOCs
- Ambient Air Levels (ground-level ozone)
- Human Health Effects
- Environmental Effects
Particulate Matter (PM)
- Ambient Air Levels of PM
- Human Health Effects
Environmental and Other Impacts
Ontario's Plan
- Goal
Transportation
1. Drive Clean (MOE)
2. Gasoline Formulas (MOE)
3. Green Fleets (Toronto)
4. Anti-Idling Bylaw (Toronto)
Particulate Matter
5. PM10 Standard (MOE)
Industry
6. Stewardship Initiatives
State of the Environment Reporting
7. Air Quality Monitoring (MOE)
The Targets
- Transit
- Coal Fired Electric Plants
- Transboundary Air Pollution (Canada/U.S.)
- Sulphur in Fuels
Tips for contributing to the goals of the Ontario Health Plan
- Getting Around
- Around the Home
- Shopping
- Community
Bibliography
From the Paper "Human Health Effects. Research in the US and Canada has repeatedly documented a strong correlation between high ozone levels and rates of hospitalization and worker absenteeism. Ontario studies have shown that in the months May to August, approximately five per cent of daily respiratory hospital admissions are associated with ozone. Other findings have shown hospital admissions linked to ozone occurring at levels well below the current national air quality objective of 82 ppb, with the probability and severity of health effects increasing with increasing exposure. Furthermore, it appears that there is no human health threshold for ozone, that is, there is no level that can be deemed safe. Populations more sensitive to ozone exposure include young children, the elderly, people with respiratory problems, and people active outdoors, particularly in the summer.
Impacts on human health related to high ozone levels are summarized below:
? respiratory system:
? lung functioning (coughing, shortness of breath, pain on inspiration, throat irritation, wheezing, chest tightness);
? chronic and acute bronchitis, asthma; and
? pulmonary emphysema;
? possible interference with the immune system; and
? headaches, burning eyes, irritated sinuses."
Abstract Over the years, numerous musicians have offered alternatives to popular music and have begun a new wave of experimentation. This paper focuses on the composition and production of one of these artists, the contemporary British musician and producer Brian Eno. After looking at how Eno's musical career began in 1972, it then begins to analyse the development of his ambient music genre with particular reference to his solo album "Music For Airports" (1978). It then looks at two of Eno's most successful collaborations, that of David Bowie and U2, while concentrating on his different styles of production for each artist and the effect of his own compositional process on the final outcome.
Outline
Introduction - A Brief History
Eno - Ambiance and Composition
Collaborations - To Influence and Inspire
Working With Bowie
Working With U2
Summary
Bibliography
Discography
Websites
From the Paper "Brian Eno is not only known as a musician and producer but also as a composer who is not afraid to draw on the assets of many types of music and musical ideas. He has been described as an artist, professor and a thinker who stretches the confines of rock music with his use of mixing popular genres with experimentation and minimalism. His compositions range from progressive rock to what Eno calls ambient music, where he concentrates on experimenting with the colour of sound and texture, with the use of what he calls his "real instrument" the recording studio. Also using this instrument Brian Eno has collaborated as a co-composer and producer with a large amount of rock and non-rock musicians, resulting in various combinations of styles at different levels of influence. "
Abstract Kate Chopin's novel "The Awakening" (1895) is replete with human and other voices. This paper analyzes voices, conversations, laughter, sobbing, ambient noise, piano music and various other sounds that are described within "The Awakening," especially in terms of how these symbolically underscore the main character Edna Pontellier's "awakening" to her true desires in life.
From the Paper "Once she learns to swim well, Edna loves swimming in the ocean, where, as she glides and propels herself beneath the waves, she experiences an absence of sound. As Chopin also states, when Edna first realizes she can finally swim on her own, that feeling is so exhilarating to her that "she could have shouted for joy" (The Awakening, Part X, Paragraph 7)."
Abstract This paper discusses how, in 1894, the entire world was changed when a young Italian, Gugliemo Marconi, adapted the technology that made the use of the telegraph possible in order to transmit actual ambient sounds across wires over several miles. It examines how Marconi's discovery revolutionized the world of media and changed the world forever. Several of the many facets of the world of radio media are discussed in an effort to ultimately provide a more thorough understanding of the topic.
Outline:
Introduction
The Origins of Radio
Initial Effect of Radio on United States Culture
Early Influences/Government Regulation
Cooperation and Competition with Other Media
Its Role in/Response to Social Responsibility
Where it Stands Today in Regard to Democracy
Future Evolution
Conclusion
From the Paper "After Marconi's discovery, the world of radio moved forward with surprising rapidity. For the first few years following Marconi's original discoveries, he was forced, after receiving no interest on the part of the Italian government, to travel to London, finding support for this emerging technology by the British government, who began to use the wireless technology as a means of broadcasting messages with previously non-existent speed and portability. By the early 1900s, wireless radio technology found its way to the shores of the United States in the hands of an electrical engineer from the University of Pittsburgh by the name of Reginald Fessenden, a man who worked with Thomas Edison himself. With Fessenden's knowledge of electricity, he was able to soon discover that in order to be able to broadcast over a wide area with any level of strength, he would need an improved transmitter, which he commissioned General Electric to build for him. "
Abstract This paper examines how ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is one of the most widely used and most promising of the methods available for the detection and identification of explosives today. It looks at how two independent principles and the foundations of this technique are that ions can be created at ambient pressure from radioactive materials and how these gas phase ions can be characterized rapidly for mobility in weak electric fields. Several diagrams are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
How it Works
Instrumentation
Sample Introduction
Ion Formation
From the Paper "The electric field is established via a voltage divider and a series of conducting rings stacked between the ion shutter and the detector. In the drift region, there is a drift gas at constant pressure, which may be between 1 Torr and atmospheric pressure depending on the configuration of the IMS instrument. The ions experience a number of collisions as they pass through the buffer gas. These collisions hinder the ions progress to the detector. Larger ions move slower through the drift tube due to greater collision cross sections causing more collisions. Smaller ions, on the other hand, move faster as their collision cross section is smaller and therefore they encounter fewer collisions. This explains how the separation via shape and size is possible."
Abstract This paper studies the theory that chemical reactions are the result of the collision between molecules. Also known as the collision model, the author explains how these collisions, when strong enough and with ambient environments, can cause kinetic energy. The paper also introduces the Arrhenius equation and explains how this equation measures the activation energy of a particular reaction and quantifies the collision model in a way that can be useful for scientists conducting experiments. Like any other equation, the paper describes the different experimental parameters that will have an impact on the product of the Arrhenius equation. The paper also demonstrates how the Arrhenius equation can be applied to other disciplines.
From the Paper "Not every collision between molecules will create new products. In fact, the vast majority of collisions do not because they are not strong enough to break the existing bonds, which are often quite strong between molecules. For the collision to be successful, the molecules have to be oriented in such a way that the activation energy is sufficient to generate a reaction in the substance in question. Temperature, the presence of catalysts, the concentration of the substance, and other factors affect activation energy. Also, the molecules within molecular bonds are also held together with different degrees of strength which affect the potential and kinetic energy released from collisions."
