Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the Amateur Sports Integrity Act. The paper chronicles the act's introduction in the Senate, the debate over it, and its ultimate failure to be passed into law.

From the Paper
"Senator McCain sponsored a bill called the Amateur Sports Integrity Act. This bill received approval from the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation in May of ... to be scheduled for a hearing and a vote in the United States Senate. The bill was re-introduced in the House..."

Tags:Amateur Sports Integrity Act, NCAA, Point shaving, amateur athletics, Senator McCain, gambling, Internet gambling, student-athletes, legal gambling, Nevada sports book

Abstract
This paper explores different avenues for small-scale sports tourism in the direction of amateur sports tournaments and how establishing a sport commission can help. It focuses on recreational sport tournaments for adults and youth by examining a case study dealing with the organization of a sports commission and the economic impact it that has resulted on the community. The reason for discussing sports tournaments is because they are fairly low-investment opportunities that small communities can explore, with large returns for the resources that are already present.

Outline
Introduction
Review of Literature
Case Study
Discussion and Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Green and Chalip (1998) help explain who is participating by exploring the motivations of the active sport tourist traveling to participate in their chosen sport by examining a women's flag football tournament. The authors explain the increasing growth in active lifestyles and how it is not only the younger population, who are participating, but also the older segment is starting to stay more active. This trend is leading to more vacations that are based on or around sport. The paper presents the ideas that the active sport tourist does not only travel for the competition, but also to be able to identify with the subculture of their sport. As in the case of the women football players, they enjoy being able to socialize with people who share their same interests during social events sponsored by the tournament organizers. They travel as teams, and along with these teams comes family and friends, which in turn bring along more economic impact for the community hosting the event."

Tags:vacations, amateur, tourism, tournaments

Abstract
This paper examines how the membership and involvement of groups is a primary element in almost every aspect of life, both positively and negatively influencing individuals. It looks at how individuals come together to form groups for a variety of reasons, both personal and professional and how these groups include the formation and function of sports teams. It focuses on groups and their relationship with amateur sports teams. First, the sports team as an effective group is discussed, followed by team leadership development and a discussion on team morale.

Tags:team, building, sports

Abstract
The paper considers the effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act on three sports.

From the Paper
"Originally envisioned to reduce discrimination in the workplace, the Americans with Disabilities Act has had far-reaching consequences across the country since it was enacted in the early ...s. Curbs commonly have ramps at intersections to accommodate wheelchairs, many buildings have ramps in addition to or instead of steps at their entrance and ATMs have instructions in Braille for the visually impaired. Sports have also been impacted by the Act as facilities have changed their physical layouts to accommodate individuals with..."

Tags:sports, Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA

Abstract
This paper provides a review and discussion of the scholarly and peer-reviewed literature concerning steroid use among amateur and professional athletes and the legal implications thereof, followed by an analysis of the salient issues.

Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Effects of Steroids
Incidence of Use
Analysis of Legal Issues and Controversies and Reactions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In 1976, amateur athletes were tested for prohibited substances at the Olympic Games in Montreal and again at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela; the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) banned anabolic steroids in 1973 and began random testing of student- athletes for performance-enhancing substances and recreational drugs in 1986. (Allison et al., 2003). Drug testing originally took place only at Division I football bowl games, and at some NCAA championships; however, since 1990, football players in Divisions I-A, I-AA, and II, as well as Division I indoor and outdoor track and field athletes, have been subject to drug testing all year long. Furthermore, Allison and his colleagues report that all NCAA student- athletes are subject to drug testing at NCAA championship events and at post-season bowl games (NCAA, 1998). Not surprisingly, the use of such drugs has attracted attention from those who would seek to gain a competitive edge over their peers as well as those who would attempt to discourage such usage. To better understand the rationale behind such efforts, the general effects of steroids are discussed further below."

Tags:performance-enhancing, drugs, competition, anabolic, Amateur, Athletic, Federation, International, Olympic, Committee

Abstract
This paper explains the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires all companies to file periodic reports with the SEC, changes the responsibilities of directors and offices, and modifies the reporting and corporate government obligations of SEC-reporting companies. The author points out that the business objective of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is to restore investor confidence in companies and markets. The paper concludes that, in the long run, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act will do little to increase the integrity of certified financial results and may only lead to an upswing in litigation.

From the Paper
"The economic fall out of corporate fraud has been devastating (Taylor, 2003). Seven of the twelve largest bankruptcies in U.S. history are now working their way through the courts. A slew of over-hyped Internet companies have gone out of business. On December 2, 2001, Enron filed for what was then the largest bankruptcy in US history at $63 billion. This was followed by bankruptcy filings from Adelphia Communications in June ($24 billion) and by Worldcom ($104 billion) in July, the largest bankruptcy in history. In all these cases, the companies had simply lied about their earnings. And, the stock market has been decimated. The bear market has lasted longer than that of the Great Depression. At its low, the S&P 500 was down forty-nine percent from its high in 2000, and NASDAQ was down seventy-eight percent."

Tags:directors, reports, confidence, investor, integrity

Abstract
In this article the writer analyzes four different legal issues related to sports in four short essays. The writer discusses the subjects of sports team names, athletes with disabilities, compensation for student athletes and amateurism in intercollegiate sports.

From the Paper
"The New Hampshire State Board of Education recently originated a resolution banning the use of Indian mascots within public schools. In the resolution, the Board stated no matter how well or meaning their intentions, their actions may be offensive and harmful to some and therefore need to be eliminated. Temporarily leaving aside the First Amendment, which protects the right of offensive speech to be expressed, the idea of offensiveness is wrongly applied by the Board's decision. School mascots are usually a symbol of school ... "

Tags:pregnancy, sex, discrimination, mascots, NCAA, monopoly, unfair practice, horizontal price restraint, benefits, compensation, college sports, football, basketball, athletics

Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes sports law as it applies to the N.C.A.A. The paper discusses Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The writer looks at their connection to an increasing number of lawsuits brought by student athletes against not only schools but also the N.C.A.A.

Tags:college, learning disabilities, gender, sex, race, discrimination, athletics, football, soccer, SAT, ACT, legislation, Supreme Court, public accommodation, eligibility

Abstract
This opinion paper addresses the down sides of sports recruitment in high school. Points made include the loss of amateurism, increased pressure on the student at the expense of their academic studies and unhealthy competitiveness amongst same team players. It discusses alternative options for recruiting fresh talents for sports

From the Paper
"Once upon a time, high school sports were games. They built characters and bodies, and gave children something to do. While winning the next big game might have meant the difference between wide spread popularity and not having a date for the prom, generally speaking there was nothing more than teenage angst and passion to give the games significance. All that has changed. Recruiters for the major leagues are beginning to turn increasingly to high schools in their search for new star material, and children are going straight from graduation to sports career. This has many terrible side effects."

Tags:education, league, mentality, sports, competitor, team, member, coach, star, moned, advantage

Abstract
This paper explains that act utilitarianism involves independent acts; whereas, rule utilitarianism involves the laws people observe while they act; act utilitarianism believes that people must do whichever action will cause the maximum good and the minimum ill; whereas, rule utilitarianism believes that people must observe laws, which will cause the maximum good and the minimum ill for everybody involved. The author points out that act utilitarianism states it would be ethically incorrect to fritter away hours on recreational pursuits like viewing television because it would be better spent on more societal welfare like philanthropic activities; however, banning recreational actions does not appear justifiable. The paper concludes that, hypothetically, the optimum purpose and law may be act utilitarianism; however, this might be idealistically insubstantial because any type of utilitarianism has to admit the inclination of the people to follow general laws.

From the Paper
"As per act utilitarianism, it is the importance of the outcomes of the specific act that matters while resolving if the act is correct. Act utilitarianism asserts that acts are to be weighed as correct or erroneous only on the worth of integrity or immorality of their outcomes. While evaluating the integrity of the outcomes, the sole entity that counts is well being which causes somebody's living to progress smoothly for him or her. Well-being is the only entity that is excellent for its individual reason. Act utilitarianism also asserts that the appropriate act can be construed as such that generates the highest total of well being whilst evaluating without any prejudice intensifications and attenuation in the well being of every one impacted by the act."

Tags:independent, laws, integrity, idealistic, logic