Abstract This paper discusses the history of the Amateur Sports Integrity Act. The paper chronicles the act's introduction in the Senate, the debate over it, and its ultimate failure to be passed into law.
From the Paper "Senator McCain sponsored a bill called the Amateur Sports Integrity Act. This bill received approval from the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation in May of ... to be scheduled for a hearing and a vote in the United States Senate. The bill was re-introduced in the House..."
Tags:Amateur Sports Integrity Act, NCAA, Point shaving, amateur athletics, Senator McCain, gambling, Internet gambling, student-athletes, legal gambling, Nevada sports book
Abstract This paper provides a review and discussion of the scholarly and peer-reviewed literature concerning steroid use among amateur and professional athletes and the legal implications thereof, followed by an analysis of the salient issues.
Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Effects of Steroids
Incidence of Use
Analysis of Legal Issues and Controversies and Reactions
Conclusion
From the Paper "In 1976, amateur athletes were tested for prohibited substances at the Olympic Games in Montreal and again at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela; the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) banned anabolic steroids in 1973 and began random testing of student- athletes for performance-enhancing substances and recreational drugs in 1986. (Allison et al., 2003). Drug testing originally took place only at Division I football bowl games, and at some NCAA championships; however, since 1990, football players in Divisions I-A, I-AA, and II, as well as Division I indoor and outdoor track and field athletes, have been subject to drug testing all year long. Furthermore, Allison and his colleagues report that all NCAA student- athletes are subject to drug testing at NCAA championship events and at post-season bowl games (NCAA, 1998). Not surprisingly, the use of such drugs has attracted attention from those who would seek to gain a competitive edge over their peers as well as those who would attempt to discourage such usage. To better understand the rationale behind such efforts, the general effects of steroids are discussed further below."
Abstract This paper reviews the book 'For the Love Of It: Amateuring and Its Rivals' by Wayne C. Booth. According to this paper, Booth explores the concept of amateurism, the amateur that pursues the given task or discipline for the love of doing so and not for pecuniary rewards. This paper discusses how the amateur pursues any discipline or skill for its own sake.
From the Paper "Booth discusses the issue beginning with reference to music and how the disappearance of amateurism in the traditional sense has altered the kind of music that is even written. He cites Daniel Barenboim to the effect that chamber music has been disappearing in part because it was "linked to playing music in private homes -- not only by amateurs, but by professionals, too. Now people have less time, and a great interest in passive musical appreciation and listening" (Booth, 1999, p. 15). Booth discusses the issue in terms of his own experience, noting how he started playing the cello when he was 31 years old and then experiencing decades of disappointment and frustration as well as hours of happiness while playing. Being an amateur himself, he sought to know more about the idea of and practice of amateurism and traces the concept through different manifestations and different types of activity, finding in particular that the idea has long held sway in music and in sport more than in other disciplines."
Abstract The paper examines amateur radio as it relates to what it is, how it works, who uses it, its educational application and the telecommunications systems associated with its use. The paper shows how there still exists a group of people that are fascinated by amateur radio and continue to utilize it as a mode of communication.
Outline:
Introduction
What is Amateur Radio?
How does Amateur Radio Work?
Who Uses It?
What are the Educational Applications of Amateur Radio?
Telecommunications systems
Conclusion
From the Paper "When most people think of amateur radio they envision an individual tinkering around with some home made contraption. Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, came about in the early part of the 20th century (Hilmes, 2007). Amateur radio began as two-way radio communication in which operators created radio sets with little more than wires, tubes and switches (Hilmes, 2007). Operators then used Morse code to communicate over the airwaves."
Tags: Morse, code, Packet, ham, communication, frequencies
Abstract This paper examines and analyzes the differences between amateur and professional photographers. The author includes researched information but also offers opinions regarding amateur versus professional photographers.
An exploration of how the sports industry is a land of opportunity for sports commissions and the local communities that are trying to generate economic impact from sports.
3,688 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
Abstract This paper explores different avenues for small-scale sports tourism in the direction of amateur sports tournaments and how establishing a sport commission can help. It focuses on recreational sport tournaments for adults and youth by examining a case study dealing with the organization of a sports commission and the economic impact it that has resulted on the community. The reason for discussing sports tournaments is because they are fairly low-investment opportunities that small communities can explore, with large returns for the resources that are already present.
Outline
Introduction
Review of Literature
Case Study
Discussion and Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Green and Chalip (1998) help explain who is participating by exploring the motivations of the active sport tourist traveling to participate in their chosen sport by examining a women's flag football tournament. The authors explain the increasing growth in active lifestyles and how it is not only the younger population, who are participating, but also the older segment is starting to stay more active. This trend is leading to more vacations that are based on or around sport. The paper presents the ideas that the active sport tourist does not only travel for the competition, but also to be able to identify with the subculture of their sport. As in the case of the women football players, they enjoy being able to socialize with people who share their same interests during social events sponsored by the tournament organizers. They travel as teams, and along with these teams comes family and friends, which in turn bring along more economic impact for the community hosting the event."
A discussion on how the women's division of the National Amateur Athletic Federation in 1923 did not hold ground with the African-American communities.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, 2002, $ 53.95
Abstract This paper is written about C. H. Gissendanner. He, primarily, opines that the gender separatism and the distinction between competitive sport and the ideal of femininity as espoused by the Women's Division of the National Amateur Athletic Federation in 1923 did not hold ground with the African-American communities.
Abstract In 1912, Charles Dawson, an amateur archaeologist, revealed to some of his scientific friends that he had found a curious skull in a gravel pit near Piltdown, England. The case of the Piltdown Man turned out to be one of the greatest hoaxes of the 20th century. The paper shows that, allegedly, the unearthing of these fragments was proof that man evolved from apes. The human brain case and the ape-like jaw fit the theory of the day, which held that the brain would evolve faster than the body. The ruse was to create the "missing link" and thus prove Darwin's theory. The paper traces the events of the forgery and its implications on the scientific world after it was discovered to be a hoax. The paper includes illustrations.
From the Paper "In conclusion, The Piltdown Forgery was a deception with far reaching tentacles. Whether it was Dawson, Hinton, Theilhard or Woodward, the effects of this deception still cast doubts on legitimate archeological finds. This however is advantageous for both the anthropological and archeological communities. It requires science to base its discoveries on pure science rather than raw emotion. The moral of Piltdown is that science is fallible and human passions sometimes overshadow the facts. Occasionally, science does not always take the most direct route in fulfilling its aim of understanding nature."
Abstract The paper discusses the high expenditure on health care in the United States. It explains that even though the expenditure by the health care industry has been very high, it has been unable to sufficiently meet the requirements of the young deprived, the jobless or the amateur worker. The paper reviews literature related to these issues. In conclusion, the writer states that medical health care has become a drama in which political actors manipulate it for their own good and that it will take a long time before the situation is able to be rectified.
Table of Contents:
Introduction with the Thesis Statement
Review of Related Literature
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Moreover, the situation appears to be declining every day in the health care sector. Medical misconduct suits have arrived at an unsurpassed high. Every novel report of some possible health benison sets off a tedious and frequently haphazard charge to take on and execute that novel health breakthrough. Autoimmune, tense, as well as, ecological illnesses have attained to the magnitude of plague. Cancer is widespread. Americans have turned out to be obsessive for their health. Americans fervently fret on the subject of their healthcare reimbursements and whether the health-care structure will maintain them in time of problem. Those lucky enough to preserve health benefits fear that freedom to prefer their medical doctor is soon going to be taken away from them. Fear of becoming extinct has substituted the delight of living as Americans more and more anguish on the subject of their health."
Abstract This paper studies the use of performance-enhancing and other drugs in athletics for heightened performance in amateur and professional sports. The paper discusses the prevalence of these drugs on the open market. The paper also details specific drug usage, side effects and other dangers.
From the Paper "In the pursuit of heightened athletic performance, many amateur athletes as well as professional athletes have turned to the use of a wide assortment of drugs, ranging from steroids to amphetamines, performance-enhancing substances and illicit..."
Abstract This paper examines how the membership and involvement of groups is a primary element in almost every aspect of life, both positively and negatively influencing individuals. It looks at how individuals come together to form groups for a variety of reasons, both personal and professional and how these groups include the formation and function of sports teams. It focuses on groups and their relationship with amateur sports teams. First, the sports team as an effective group is discussed, followed by team leadership development and a discussion on team morale.
Abstract In "Amateurs to Arms," John Etling makes it apparent that the United States went full forward into the War of 1812 both ignorant of its own shortcomings and poorly organized. Etllng explains both sides' positioning during important battles and sea conflicts, often highlighting the American downfalls that nearly lost them the war in the first years. The paper is of the opinion that Etling has clearly illustrated the timeline of events that led up to America barely saving itself from a foolhardy military endeavor. The paper concludes that the clear lesson to be learned from Etling's description of the War of 1812 is to be prepared.
From the Paper "Etling spends much of Amateurs, to Arms! reviewing the battles and sea conflicts of the War of 1812. Etling focuses on facts and military detail, including troop numbers and insight into the decisions (for better or for worse) of the leadership involved. With the use of effective maps and illustrations, he also describes in detail the positioning of forces so that the reader can picture the events clearly. Even with the detail, Etling does not draw out battles or situations that play only small roles. For example, an encounter between Muir and Miller is given only a paragraph of explanation, enough to establish the chain of events that lead to the later actions of both parties (32-33). Establishing the mindsets of key individuals works hand in hand with Etling's clear yet not overly wordy descriptions while explaining where things went wrong for the American forces early in the war."
Abstract The paper examines the book "Unsportsmanlike Conduct: Exploiting College Athletes," where Walter Byers gives an overview of the corruption he witnessed in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) while he was the executive director. The paper explains Byers' premise that the NCAA appears to protect college athletes and the integration of academics and athletics, but in actuality, these reforms are covered up by hypocrisy, exploitation and the mislabeling of athletes as amateurs. The paper looks at Byers' discussion of the current grant-in-aid system and how coaches control the financial opportunities available to athletes. The paper then outlines Byers' reforms and his competitive opportunity plan for athletes.
From the Paper "The underlying theme in Byers' book is the premise that the NCAA appears to protect college athletes and the integration of academics and athletics, but in actuality, these reforms are covered up by hypocrisy and exploitation. The problems are rooted in the NCAA's focus on its multibillion-dollar industry, self-promoting coaches and their staff, and university presidents who hold their jobs for a short-period of time compared to tenured faculty. He admits that his leadership as executive director of the NCAA simply filled a void that was not being enforced by the integral regulations of the regional accreditation agencies and university presidents. Byers recommends a tougher system of serious federal regulations and programs that will increase job opportunities for athletes. He argues that university coaches and the interpretative process of the NCAA's archaic rules lock away the athlete's rights to gain economic freedom by a mislabeling them amateurs."
Abstract This paper discusses the life and accomplishments of the runner, Steve Prefontaine. The author pointsout his story and legacy. The paper contneds that Prefontaine is a gifted athlete, a visionary and a world class runner.
From the Paper "Steve Prefontaine was born in Coos Bay Oregon. During his life, Steve Prefontaine became an internationally acclaimed track star and an American hero. Don Kardong wrote in "Runner's World" that Steve Prefontaine or 'Pre' as he was known to his fans held every ..."
Tags: Running, Amateur Athletics, AAU, Olympics, 5000 meters, athletes, sponsorship, training camp, lessons, hero, hard work, Steve Prefontaine, Pre, Amateur Athletic Union
Abstract This paper discusses the tremendous growth of participation in amateur athletic events over the past few decades in terms of their scope, power and economic status and that in the United States alone, amateur athletics involve the lives and athletic experiences of people from their childhood through high school and college and beyond. This paper also discusses how high school and college sports are one of the most popular and important aspects of academic life today and that the camaraderie and fellowship that can emerge among sports players can possibly last a lifetime. The focus of this paper is on a disturbing trend towards violence in sports that has emerged in recent years. While injuries and mishaps can reasonably be expected to take place in any sporting event, there is frequently a fine distinction between intimidating tactics and violence that can result in serious injuries on the sporting field.
From the Paper "While violence in collegiate sports has received much attention in recent years, a less publicized problem also exists. College athletes are highly popular figures on campus and in communities, but they are being unfairly treated in terms of how they are compensated for their efforts. While the performance of these student athletes on the field or court provides millions of dollars in revenue for universities, these students receive only their scholarships (usually comprised of tuition, room, and board), but no spending money. Furthermore, under current NCAA regulations, these student athletes are prohibited from even working part-time during the season. "Athletes have been caught trying to make money by getting loans from coaches and advisers," the author says, "selling the shoes and other gear they get as team members, taking allowances from agents, and getting paid for no-show summer jobs provided by jock-sniffing alumni--all violations of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules" (38). "
Tags: non, sporting, events, athletes, students, teams, coaches, drugs
