Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the Amateur Sports Integrity Act. The paper chronicles the act's introduction in the Senate, the debate over it, and its ultimate failure to be passed into law.

From the Paper
"Senator McCain sponsored a bill called the Amateur Sports Integrity Act. This bill received approval from the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation in May of ... to be scheduled for a hearing and a vote in the United States Senate. The bill was re-introduced in the House..."

Tags:Amateur Sports Integrity Act, NCAA, Point shaving, amateur athletics, Senator McCain, gambling, Internet gambling, student-athletes, legal gambling, Nevada sports book

Abstract
This paper provides a review and discussion of the scholarly and peer-reviewed literature concerning steroid use among amateur and professional athletes and the legal implications thereof, followed by an analysis of the salient issues.

Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Effects of Steroids
Incidence of Use
Analysis of Legal Issues and Controversies and Reactions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In 1976, amateur athletes were tested for prohibited substances at the Olympic Games in Montreal and again at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela; the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) banned anabolic steroids in 1973 and began random testing of student- athletes for performance-enhancing substances and recreational drugs in 1986. (Allison et al., 2003). Drug testing originally took place only at Division I football bowl games, and at some NCAA championships; however, since 1990, football players in Divisions I-A, I-AA, and II, as well as Division I indoor and outdoor track and field athletes, have been subject to drug testing all year long. Furthermore, Allison and his colleagues report that all NCAA student- athletes are subject to drug testing at NCAA championship events and at post-season bowl games (NCAA, 1998). Not surprisingly, the use of such drugs has attracted attention from those who would seek to gain a competitive edge over their peers as well as those who would attempt to discourage such usage. To better understand the rationale behind such efforts, the general effects of steroids are discussed further below."

Tags:performance-enhancing, drugs, competition, anabolic, Amateur, Athletic, Federation, International, Olympic, Committee

Abstract
The paper examines amateur radio as it relates to what it is, how it works, who uses it, its educational application and the telecommunications systems associated with its use. The paper shows how there still exists a group of people that are fascinated by amateur radio and continue to utilize it as a mode of communication.

Outline:
Introduction
What is Amateur Radio?
How does Amateur Radio Work?
Who Uses It?
What are the Educational Applications of Amateur Radio?
Telecommunications systems
Conclusion

From the Paper
"When most people think of amateur radio they envision an individual tinkering around with some home made contraption. Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, came about in the early part of the 20th century (Hilmes, 2007). Amateur radio began as two-way radio communication in which operators created radio sets with little more than wires, tubes and switches (Hilmes, 2007). Operators then used Morse code to communicate over the airwaves."

Tags:Morse, code, Packet, ham, communication, frequencies

Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes the differences between amateur and professional photographers. The author includes researched information but also offers opinions regarding amateur versus professional photographers.

Abstract
This paper explores different avenues for small-scale sports tourism in the direction of amateur sports tournaments and how establishing a sport commission can help. It focuses on recreational sport tournaments for adults and youth by examining a case study dealing with the organization of a sports commission and the economic impact it that has resulted on the community. The reason for discussing sports tournaments is because they are fairly low-investment opportunities that small communities can explore, with large returns for the resources that are already present.

Outline
Introduction
Review of Literature
Case Study
Discussion and Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Green and Chalip (1998) help explain who is participating by exploring the motivations of the active sport tourist traveling to participate in their chosen sport by examining a women's flag football tournament. The authors explain the increasing growth in active lifestyles and how it is not only the younger population, who are participating, but also the older segment is starting to stay more active. This trend is leading to more vacations that are based on or around sport. The paper presents the ideas that the active sport tourist does not only travel for the competition, but also to be able to identify with the subculture of their sport. As in the case of the women football players, they enjoy being able to socialize with people who share their same interests during social events sponsored by the tournament organizers. They travel as teams, and along with these teams comes family and friends, which in turn bring along more economic impact for the community hosting the event."

Tags:vacations, amateur, tourism, tournaments

Abstract
This paper reviews the book 'For the Love Of It: Amateuring and Its Rivals' by Wayne C. Booth. According to this paper, Booth explores the concept of amateurism, the amateur that pursues the given task or discipline for the love of doing so and not for pecuniary rewards. This paper discusses how the amateur pursues any discipline or skill for its own sake.

From the Paper
"Booth discusses the issue beginning with reference to music and how the disappearance of amateurism in the traditional sense has altered the kind of music that is even written. He cites Daniel Barenboim to the effect that chamber music has been disappearing in part because it was "linked to playing music in private homes -- not only by amateurs, but by professionals, too. Now people have less time, and a great interest in passive musical appreciation and listening" (Booth, 1999, p. 15). Booth discusses the issue in terms of his own experience, noting how he started playing the cello when he was 31 years old and then experiencing decades of disappointment and frustration as well as hours of happiness while playing. Being an amateur himself, he sought to know more about the idea of and practice of amateurism and traces the concept through different manifestations and different types of activity, finding in particular that the idea has long held sway in music and in sport more than in other disciplines."

Tags:hobbies, skills, talent, sport, professional, olympics

Abstract
Photography has been described as "probably the world's greatest hobby". The paper shows that there is no doubt that photography is a popular hobby, with the introduction of the digital camera only increasing the popularity. The paper explores several characteristics of photography that explain this popularity: that it is an adaptable hobby; that it is an accessible hobby; that it allows for individuals to combine their other interests; that it is an opportunity for every individual to be creative, even those with limited creative skills; and that it gives people the opportunity to interact with their world.

From the Paper
"The fourth reason that amateur photography is a popular hobby is that it gives individuals the opportunity to be creative, even if they are lacking in creative skills. As one author notes, photography is a "creative process: the subjects you choose to photograph reflect your own character, mood and opportunities" (Joseph & Saunders 8). Another author makes the same observation, "...the single most important factor behind a picture is the photographer" (Freeman 8). This means that the photographer is central to the process and provides the creativity. However, at the same time, the photographer does not have to provide the material. This can be compared to painting, where the creative has a blank canvas and must provide the entire artwork."

Tags:photograph, skill, creativity

Abstract
This paper studies the use of performance-enhancing and other drugs in athletics for heightened performance in amateur and professional sports. The paper discusses the prevalence of these drugs on the open market. The paper also details specific drug usage, side effects and other dangers.

From the Paper
"In the pursuit of heightened athletic performance, many amateur athletes as well as professional athletes have turned to the use of a wide assortment of drugs, ranging from steroids to amphetamines, performance-enhancing substances and illicit..."

Tags:steroids, athletics, drugs, THG, marijuana, amphetamines

Abstract
This paper is written about C. H. Gissendanner. He, primarily, opines that the gender separatism and the distinction between competitive sport and the ideal of femininity as espoused by the Women's Division of the National Amateur Athletic Federation in 1923 did not hold ground with the African-American communities.

Abstract
In 1912, Charles Dawson, an amateur archaeologist, revealed to some of his scientific friends that he had found a curious skull in a gravel pit near Piltdown, England. The case of the Piltdown Man turned out to be one of the greatest hoaxes of the 20th century. The paper shows that, allegedly, the unearthing of these fragments was proof that man evolved from apes. The human brain case and the ape-like jaw fit the theory of the day, which held that the brain would evolve faster than the body. The ruse was to create the "missing link" and thus prove Darwin's theory. The paper traces the events of the forgery and its implications on the scientific world after it was discovered to be a hoax. The paper includes illustrations.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, The Piltdown Forgery was a deception with far reaching tentacles. Whether it was Dawson, Hinton, Theilhard or Woodward, the effects of this deception still cast doubts on legitimate archeological finds. This however is advantageous for both the anthropological and archeological communities. It requires science to base its discoveries on pure science rather than raw emotion. The moral of Piltdown is that science is fallible and human passions sometimes overshadow the facts. Occasionally, science does not always take the most direct route in fulfilling its aim of understanding nature."

Tags:fakes, fraud, skull, Woodward