Abstract
This paper is a review of the extrusion process. Its focus is on the application of the extrusion process as it pertains to aluminum, the most widely extruded material. The paper discusses different types of extrusion, characteristics and technology. Figures and diagrams are also included.

Outline:
Extrusion Types
Conventional Extrusion
Indirect Extrusion
Impact Extrusion
Hydrostatic Extrusion
Parameters
Die Characteristics
Solid Dies
Hollow Dies
Extrusion Thermodynamics
Isothermal Extrusion
Extrusion Defects
Future Developmental Areas of Study
Tooling and Die Technology
Extrusion Process Technology
References

From the Paper
"Another way to help achieve isothermal extrusion is to treat the billet in a way that will give it a tapered temperature profile. This can be achieved by a couple different methods. First, the billet can be heated unevenly before extrusion. This can be done with either induction heating machines or with gas fired machines as long as they have separate sections for heating along the length of the billet. Another method is to heat the billet evenly and to cool the tail end of the billet before it is loaded into the extrusion press. These methods are useful in industry, however because of the high heat conductivity of aluminum if there is any delay in the extrusion process the billet temperature tends to become uniform. Because of this tendency of aluminum it is beneficial to have a cooling system incorporated into the press. By passing water or another cooling medium such as nitrogen around the container in the correct locations the temperature gradient in the billet can be maintained."

Tags:Conventional, Indirect, Thermodynamics

Abstract
The paper relates that one of the most familiar devices observed in nursing is the feeding tube which provides nutrition to patients who cannot swallow. The paper explains that the gastric feeding tube which is used for long-term enteral nutrition is commonly called the PEG tube, a name which belies its familiarity. The paper describes how the G-tube is very useful with malnourished patients and with those who have problems swallowing because of neurological or physiological disorders or are at risk for aspiration pneumonia.

From the Paper
"One of the most familiar devices observed in nursing is the feeding tube which provides nutrition to patients who cannot swallow. The gastric feeding tube which is used for long-term enteral nutrition is commonly called the PEG tube, a name which belies its familiarity. The G-tube is very useful with malnourished patients and with those who have problems swallowing because of neurological or physiological disorders or are at risk for aspiration pneumonia. I chose this issue because nurses rarely associate such a common device as a feeding tube with ethical dilemmas."

Tags:g, tubes, principles, ethics

Abstract
This paper discusses a research which measures the effects of having a PEG tube (as opposed to NGT) inserted, on the patient's quality of life as it relates to their ability to communicate and swallow. Two research questions are answered in this paper: "Does a PEG procedure have an effect on the patient's ability to communicate their wishes and improve there satisfaction with the quality of their life in regards to self-care?" and "Does the PEG method offer more satisfaction in regards to quality of life than the NGT method?" The paper illustrates the importance of taking the individual patient's feelings, concerns and wishes into account and not just focusing on the clinical side of things.

From the Paper
"There are two primary methods for administering food to patients who can no longer swallow or have difficulty swallowing. The first is by way of an NGT tube, which is inserted through the nasal cavity and goes into the stomach. This procedure severely limits the patient's ability to speak or swallow. The other popular method is PEG where a tube is inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall. In this case a patient's ability is speak or swallow is not limited by the procedure itself. However, in stroke patients this ability may already be impaired. Many of us consider the ability to communicate our own wishes and enjoy conversation with other human beings a factor in determining our quality of life. Being unable to communicate with another creates a feeling of isolation or helplessness."

Tags:stroke, dysphagic, aspiration, methodological, study

Abstract
This paper examines the metal aluminum, looking at its history, physical and chemical properties, natural occurrence, mining, processing, and uses.

Tags:aluminum, metal

Abstract
The paper discusses how many times, enteral tubes are used to feed critically ill patients and obtain gastric decompression. The paper explains that proper procedure when conducting enteral tube feeding is imperative to ensure there is not an unacceptable risk of aspiration to such patients. The paper shows how the self-care theory can be used to apply clinical care to critically ill patients regarding the issues around their enteral tube feeding when viable and how they may increase their health and well being during and after their hospital stay (Grando, 2005).

From the Paper
"Many times, enteral tubes are used to feed critically ill patients and obtain gastric decompression. Proper procedure when conducting enteral tube feeding is imperative to ensure there is not an unacceptable risk of aspiration to such patients. The self-care theory can be used to apply clinical care to critically ill patients regarding the issues around their enteral tube feeding when viable and how they may increase their health and well being during and after their hospital stay (Grando, 2005)."

Tags:gastric, tube, feeding

Abstract
The paper relates that the main point about Vision 2020 is that nursing needs to be developed in various ways in order to meet clients' needs in the near future; population demographics have changed not only in North America but across the globe as the baby boom generation began to age. The paper discusses a form of technology that is so mundane and routinely used in nursing that many nurses would never consider its complex implications except in the context of end-of-life care. The paper explains that the G-tube or gastric feeding tube which is used for long-term enteral nutrition is about to be used on a scale that has never before been the case.

From the Paper
"The main point about Vision 2020 is that nursing needs to be developed in various ways in order to meet clients' needs in the near future. Population demographics have changed not only in North America but across the globe as the baby boom generation began to age. The transition is still in its first stage. One form of technology is so mundane and routinely used in nursing that many nurses would never consider its complex implications except in the context of end-of-life care. The G-tube or gastric feeding tube which is used for long-term enteral nutrition is..."

Tags:tube, feeding, ethics

Abstract
This paper provides a literature overview of chest tube removal with regard to pain management. It further discusses the appropriate nursing interventions that are most applicable to chest tube removal in the light of the research data and studies that are available. It concludes, based on the literature, that there is a need to explore new avenues in addition to the present standard protocols. It also examines how these new techniques, and means of reducing pain in chest tube removal, revolve around a more inclusive and interactive approach to pain management, where aspects such as anxiety and information flow are catered to.

Outline:
Introduction
Literary Overview of the Problematics of Pain Management
Conclusion
Appendix

From the Paper
"Standard pain management techniques for chest tube removal relate to medications such as Morphine. " Morphine is one of the most often, if not routinely, used opioids for treating pain due to chest tube removal." (Puntillo and Ley, 2004) However, this is not always the most effective procedure in this situation. "...when morphine was used in small doses (ie, a mean [less than or equal to] 3 mg), pain associated with chest tube removal was rated as moderate to severe. Higher morphine doses have not been tested for their effect on such pain. " (Puntillo and Ley, 2004) Other medications include the use of Ketorolac, which is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and is considered to be an effective analgesic for pain due to chest tube removal. "

Tags:lung, expansion, drain, fluids, intervention, postoperative, phase

Abstract
In "Tube of Plenty. The Evolution of American Television", Erik Barnouw provides us with the amazing history of television. He shows us that television is not only a technological reality, but also a sociological phenomenon. Television, in other words, moulds society in the same way that society moulds television. Barnouw demonstrates that we can not really understand our own history without examining the effect that television has had on almost every aspect of our lives. He is especially interested in television's newest features. Thus, the "Tube of Plenty" is not only the history of television, but also the exploration of the development and impact of the latest phases of the communications revolution.

Abstract
The paper relates that plastic pipes, tubing and other items are essentially a part of today's industries; they have almost replaced copper pipes and tubing, as well as aluminum and steel materials. The paper explores the dangers of PVC and examines how researchers have found that when infants are treated with medical devices that contain PVC in any form, they are inadvertently exposed to very high levels of a toxic chemical. The paper also shows that it was found that PVC can be dangerous if used while transporting compressed gases in above the ground installations, because the pipeline could rupture. The paper contends that policies and recommendations would help in the analysis, testing and the implementation of proposals and recommendations when using PVC.

From the Paper
"Mechanical testing of PVC resins would have to be carried out to find out if the combination has created a success of a potential failure. (Portnoy,199) However, the determination of the actual root cause of the failure of systems or components, like for example, the PVC tubing in an industry, can be an extremely complex proposition, because of the fact that it would involve multi-disciplinary testing and analysis. (Matco Associates inc. Failure Analysis)."

Tags:plastic, toxic, chemicals, pipeline

Abstract
This paper argues that the allegation that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, which were never discovered, was a deliberate deception by the Bush administration to justify their aggression in terms of containing terrorism by maintaining the international balance of power. The paper further asserts that Bush ignored the truth that he heard from his advisers and deliberately misled the American people to make an excuse to go to war with Iraq. The paper contends that Bush wanted to secure America's position of dominance, power and access to oil resources in the Middle East and tricked the American people into thinking that going to war with Iraq was a way of waging war on terrorism.

From the Paper
"The primary thrust of Bush's argument for the invasion of Iraq was that Iraq was a serious threat to the rest of the world because it was building WMD. This is an interesting allegation, given that the only country that really has a large supply of WMD is the USA. However, it must be borne in mind that those countries who seek to justify owning WMD - such as the USA - seek to do so in terms of deterrence theory. The idea is that if rational countries such as the USA and Russia possess nuclear weapons, their mutual knowledge that the other country has WMD will deter either country from ever deploying the WMD."

Tags:lies, balance of power, terrorism, aluminum tubes, imbalance