Abstract
This paper looks at the history behind gender alteration surgery, where it was and where it stands today. Then the paper goes on to examine the issues surrounding it to determine if it is merely medical, psychological or cosmetic. In the next section, the paper looks at the ethical issues surrounding the surgery, if medical professionals should actually be carrying out the surgery and the paper also examines if insurance companies should cover such surgery.

From the Paper
"This paper looks at the issues surrounding gender alteration surgery from several different aspects. First the paper looks at the history behind gender alteration surgery, where it was and where it stands today. Then the paper goes on to examine the issues surrounding it, if it is merely medical, psychological or cosmetic. In the next section the paper looks at the ethical issues surrounding the surgery, if medical professionals should actually be carrying out the..."

Tags:gender, altering, surgery

Abstract
This paper discusses change as an opportunity to learn and grow. The paper presents the writer's memories of two events that upset his well-ordered life and his resentment of these events that altered the course of his life. The two events explored in the paper are the death of an uncle that left a deep void in his life and the breakdown of an intimate relationship.

From the Paper
"Carl Jung once observed, "We cannot change anything until we accept it. Condemnation does not liberate, it oppresses." (Words of Wisdom) The undeniable wisdom in Jung's words is something that perhaps an adult, who is facing the disruption caused by the death of a loved one, can appreciate. I, however, was too young to even comprehend or accept that death is an inevitable part of life's cycle. Therefore, my uncle's death was a point of change and discontinuity, which resulted in a wide range of personal emotions that I had to learn to deal with. In fact, as I look back on that traumatic time, I am able to see exactly what Tennant and Pogson meant when they said, "It is, thus, the unexpected life events, those that occur 'out of time' that are the potential crises." (Smith, 1999)."

Tags:change, death, disruption

Abstract
This paper presents the two sides in the debate over genetically altered food. The thesis is that, because of the risk involved, the most cautious route should be taken. The conclusion is the same, that we need to follow Japan's lead in low risk.

Abstract
This paper analyzes Shumann's work, "Carnaval". The author uses modulation analysis, chordal analysis as well as historical biography of Schumann's life to examine this piece of music. Charts are included.

From the Paper
"Florestan and Eusebius were the two alter ego personalities that Schumann created in Carnaval. In the two pieces, "Eusebius" and "Florestan," Schumann's use of harmony shows true instability in each personality. Each represented a different aspect of Schumann's own personality and took on a character of its own, both in Schumann's mind as well as in his music. In the two selections from Carnaval, Schumann uses harmonies and tempos to depict the two personalities. This study will serve to show the contrasting features of each alter ego through an examination in harmony and tempo. This study will look into the effectiveness of the chordal structure and tempo changes and how they represent each alter ego personality."

Tags:alter, ego15, music

Abstract
This paper examines how cultural groups are affected by changes in the realm of the family, with those changes including the definition of a family, the patterns of the family, the organization of the family and family functioning. The paper further discusses how different issues have continued to evolve and change the concept of the family in today's society, with some cultures accepting change and others continuing to embrace tradition as time progresses.

From the Paper
"The meaning that is adopted by the family corresponds to the organization of the family. The organization of the family may include the existence of same sex marriages, extended family members existing in the same home or single parent households in which the parent becomes the head of household, regardless of gender. However, the idea of the head of household is not often related to traditional ideas of the family leader's responsibility in regard to the family. For example, Eshleman (2003) states that is modern family units the responsibilities that were once considered mandatory for the family in relation to its members are now often taken care of by societal groups or programs (p. 123). "

Tags:same, sex, marriages, adoption, children

Abstract
This paper reviews the history of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the way in which it was handled by the Kennedy administration. According to this paper, the belief that the incident was simple, is incorrect. This was a complex situation.

From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis was for a long time portrayed in Western history books as a sudden, unexpected crisis that was handled masterfully by the Kennedy administration, resulting in the avoidance of nuclear conflict. Thus, it was considered a textbook example of how to handle such crises. However, recent decades have seen the gradual exposure to public and academic scrutiny of numerous previously classified US documents. This has enabled historians to gain a better insight into the reality of the situation. As a result, it is becoming increasingly clear that a simplistic portrayal of the incident as sudden aggression from the Soviets and the Cubans is erroneous."

Tags:cuba, missiles, usa

Abstract
This paper discusses that psychology should play a major role in helping addicts. The paper points out that despite the "War on Drugs", America is still the largest consumer of illegal drugs, such as cocaine, marijuana and heroin. The author concludes that more psychological treatment for addicts would not be any more expensive than the numerous other tactics that have been used and failed.

From the Paper
"Drug addiction, especially in America, is a great concern today. America is still the largest consumer of illegal drugs, such as cocaine, marijuana and heroin, despite the "War on Drugs". Between the casual users and frequent users, "$60 billion dollars a year" (Zill & Bergman 2000) is spent buying illegal drugs. The government stepped in with their campaign to stop drug use called America's "War on Drugs". The only thing this seemed to have accomplished is loading up America's prisons and jails with drug offenders who are usually nonviolent. In 2000, the number of people incarcerated reached an astounding 2 billion."

Tags:mind, body, role, helping, drug, violators, counseled

Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal for investigating the extent to which there exist differences in the communication ability of Gulf War veterans diagnosed as having the post-traumatic stress disorder and non-Gulf War veterans who do not have the post-traumatic stress disorder. Secondary research questions in the paper look at gender differences, age and military rank. Data garnered from the study is intended to provide evidence-based information with respect to improving PTSD veteran communication ability in terms of dealing with the disorder. This research proposal also points to directions in future research with respect to helping those who were called upon to serve their country.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Consequences of War
Literature Review: PTSD Defined
Research Question and Hypothesis
Research Design
Investigative Variables
Definition of Terms
Sampling Procedures
Measurement Instrument
Statistical Data Analysis
Ethical Consideration

From the Paper
"War, whether based on ideology, political motivation, nationalism, euthanasia, national defense, or any of several other reasons, brings to all sides involved consequences that change people and history forever. Civil wars, global wars, or nation-to-nation wars are fraught with devastation that inflict untold misery on all citizenry and field participants of the entities involved. In modern day war situations those who are called upon to bear arms against others are oftentimes forgotten when the conflict ceases. Today many countries around the world are not dissuaded from the dangers of war for they blindly prefer might to right. These countries are blindly confident in their future and are seemingly full of hope and aspirations beyond their perceived and actual power - yet not beyond their ambitions. Is it then, therefore, that war is determined by a moment which seems approving, right, and advantageous rather than by provocation? (Kagan, 1995)."

Tags:field, participants, commandeers, national, resources, lands, individual, rights, political, systems, fear, hatred, intolerance, animosity

Abstract
This essay discusses the symbol use in the American novel, "The Scarlet Letter". It describes Hawthorne's use of the scarlet letter to exclude the heroine from the community by calling her an adulteress. The essay describes the conflicting dual meanings of the Scarlet "A".

From the Paper
"The most important symbol in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel, The Scarlet Letter, is the scarlet letter itself. The scarlet letter has paradoxical meanings throughout the novel. At first, the scarlet letter is a symbol of sin. Hester then changes the symbol of the scarlet letter to represent virtue. She accomplishes this by being generous, benevolent, and charitable. "

Tags:community, adultery, hester, irony, motif, prynne, represent, society, symbol

Abstract
The author states that 50 per cent of the mental ill population has a substance abuse problem. He continues that the families of the mentally ill and their health professionals often are not aware of the additional substance abuse problem. The paper concludes that families cannot stop this behavior, but they can help minimize it by avoiding cover-ups and denial.

Table of Contents
Mental Illness and Substance Abuse
Mental Illness and Violence
Mental Illness, Substance Abuse and Violence - The 3Way Inter-Relation
Management and Prevention of the Condition
Recognizing the Problem
Action Plan - Support and Self-care for the Family

From the Paper
"Almost every aspect of care for the person with mental illness is complicated by substance abuse. To start with, these individuals are, by no doubt, very problematical to engage in treatment. Diagnosis becomes prolonged and difficult because unraveling the interacting effects of substance abuse and the mental illness are time consuming. Adding to this, cases of such individuals are found to be having difficulty in being accommodated at home, nor are tolerated in community residences of rehabilitation programs. They lose their support systems soon and commonly undergo hospitalizations due to frequent relapses."

Tags:prevention, treatment, mental, illness, rehabilitation, family, bio-psychosocial, equation, violence, medication, support, group