Abstract
This paper discusses the different types of alternate energy sources. There are three reasons for the U.S. to find alternate energy sources: cost, dependence on the Mid East, and the environment. This paper discusses the importance of both home and automobile alternate energy sources. The U.S. has offered incentives for different companies to work on finding these sources.

From the Paper
""At some plants, electric and fuel costs alone can be reduced by more than 30 percent -- $200 million in one case - by taking advantage of smarter procurement methods already available but underutilized" (Industrial Energy, 3005, 27). These statistics are something that many businesses must consider with the fear of higher and higher energy costs. America has been warned on the news that natural gas prices can go up as high as 70 percent this winter. "But now, with natural gas rising to more than $7 per million BTUs and eastern coal up to $60 per ton, average U.S. electricity prices, by state, now range from 5 cents to 16 cents per kilowatt hour (kwh)" (Carey, Aston, Hibbard, and Grover, 2005, 36). Recently, the news warned that gasoline prices could go up as high as $5.00 a gallon during the Katrina crisis."

Tags:alternate, energy, types

Abstract
In today's society, lawyers are encouraged to present the option of pursuing alternate dispute resolution to clients as a matter of good practice and lawyers who fail to do so may be subject to malpractice liability. This paper explores the growing popularity of alternate dispute resolution (ADR) due to the high costs, both financially and to relationships, of traditional litigation.

Subtitles in the Paper: Alternate Dispute Resolution; Ethics and Dispute Resolution; The Costs of Conflict; Ethical Issues in Choosing Whether and How to Mediate; Client Satisfaction; Methods of Dispute Resolution in Businesses; The Role of Counsel; Results of Alternate Dispute Resolution; A Lawyer's Duty to Advise About ADR; Ethical Rules of ADR; Lawyer as Client Representative or Advocate; Lawyers as Neutrals; Conflict of Interest; Malpractice and Negligence; History of ADR; Everyday Disputes; Determining the Role of a Mediator; Conclusion.

From the Paper
"Alternate dispute resolution is a practical business and personal solution, as there are significant costs associated with different ways of resolving disputes, which often outweigh the conflict itself .
The direct costs associated with disputes include the fees of lawyers and other professionals. In 1994, nearly 18 million cases were filed in U.S. courts at a cost of $300 billion.
Productivity costs involve the value of lost time, or the cost of what those involved would otherwise be producing. Continuity cost is the eventual end of relationships that would have continued without the conflict. Emotional cost reflects the pain of focusing on emotions and the problems this can cause psychologically."

Tags:American, Bar, Association, ABA, ombuds, Supreme, Court

Abstract
This paper examines several different interpretations of potential outcomes of Britain during WWII through both history and literature. The paper looks at Jo Walton's "Farthing", Christopher Priest's "The Separation" and Alan Moore's "V for Vendetta". The paper demonstrates how, despite the opinion of many that Churchill's "warmongering" spelled the end of the British Empire and doomed the nation to obscurity, it was clearly the only way to preserve the dignity and repute of the United Kingdom.

From the Paper
""Their Finest Hour.""Against All Odds.""So much owed to so few." The British have enjoyed a centuries-old reputation for the derring-do and stiff upper lip needed to invariably emerge victorious from whatever conflict the Empire was involved in. They toughed it out; held fast, withstood the tide. Above all, the British are characterized as tenacious, resilient, and persevering to the last. Of course, there has not been a 'last' for the United Kingdom. The Empire dwindled to nothing more than Great Britain and Northern Ireland following World War II, yet the nation carries on as prosperous as ever. It is a strange irony of history that the worst possible outcome for the British Empire was to defeat Hitler's Germany and preserve independence. Thus, Britain in World War II has been a ripe subject for counterfactual history and 'what-if' novels. Throughout most of these, there is a peculiar hypothesis that seems to be the rule, rather than the exception: if the Second World War was not their "finest hour," then instead it was their worst possible moment in time."

Tags:Churchill, Chamberlain, Germany, peace

Abstract
This five-page undergraduate paper reviews the positive and negative aspects of using crude oil in running cars in the United States. The main emphasis of this paper is to persuade the President of the United States for the imperative need of replacing crude oil with alternative energy sources.

Abstract
This paper looks at how formerly environmentally damaging methane gas from landfills is now being utilized for direct-use and gas-to-electric projects that not only benefit consumers but are actually responsible for improving the environment.

From the Paper
"Three decades ago the notion of landfills was a distasteful one to most people. Landfills emit natural gases that are a by-product of decomposition of organic waste. Landfill gas emissions give off a noxious odor for those living in close proximity to landfills and the release of gases from aerobic and anaerobic oxygen free processes were thought to be detrimental to the environment. Landfill gas (LFG) is primarily composed of carbon dioxide and methane. Because of this it is flammable and potentially explosive in..."

Tags:waste management, greenhouse effect, alternative sources of fuel, heating, turbines, pollution, anaerobic processes, BMW, electricity, carbon dioxide

Abstract
This paper explores alternate forms of educational assessment, which have taken on new importance since the "No Child Left Behind" (NCLB) law requiring demonstrated proof of learning. While the standard assessment for most schools is some form of group achievement test, the paper explains that some students do not perform well on such tests, making them a poor yardstick for measuring their progress. The paper also says that tests are problematic for students with special needs, whose progress can not be assessed in the same way as children without impediments to learning. The paper then studies alternative forms of assessment, focusing in particular on the portfolio method, which is a broad collection of information that demonstrates as completely as possible how the student is performing as a learner. The paper reviews and summarizes several different quantitative research studies about this method.

From the Paper
"The third article looked at ways to evaluate academic gains in alternative ways, particularly by the use of "running records." Olsen (1999) notes that "Students who will participate in alternate assessments typically are not working toward a regular high school diploma ... ". This statement might be of great concern, since students with dyslexia who have had great difficulty reading have been able, with the right supports, to complete a high school diploma and even college. The idea that only very severe disabilities interfere with good performance on group achievements may not be an accurate one. However, Olsen looked at a variety of assessment approaches including recollection, record review, and testing. He defined recollection as something that could be performed with an interview or using some kind of rating scale. These observations would of course be made by someone very familiar with the student within the school setting. Record review could include information from school cumulative records, databases, accumulated examples of work, anecdotal reports and records from non-school settings. The author noted that without some kind of standardization for gathering this information, it would be hard to quantify the information gathered in any systematic way. The author also noted that testing, whether standardized or norm-references, often did not demonstrate the abilities and knowledge of students with significant learning problems."

Tags:no, child, left, behind, bush, education, policy, testing, standardized, classroom, learning, empirical, special, needs

Abstract
This essay describes home schooling as an alternative option for American and Canadian families. Details concerning the origins of home schooling, relations to state-curriculum, resources for home schooling, and issues concerning academic achievement and social development are discussed.

Tags:alternate, education, america

Abstract
This dissertation paper asserts that families of children with special needs must deal with many facets, including doctors and diagnoses, teachers and schooling, potentially difficult behaviors from the child as well as the special education and medical needs and potential legal issues. The paper explains that many families feel overwhelmed with the amount of information they are forced to learn from the medical terms of the disability to the legal ramifications of obtaining an appropriate education. The paper draws the conclusion that helping families become empowered to negotiate with schools, discuss diagnoses with doctors and be part of the education and medical teams may help prevent the families from feeling left out, disenchanted, and angry, and reduce the need for legal intervention.

Parents As Advocates
ABC's of Parent Empowerment
Justification for Family Involvement
Why Parents Are Told "No"
Special Education Mediation
The Rowley Standard
Fape Standard
Procedural Compliance
Substantive Compliance
Educational Benefit
Jessica's Story: A Parent Wanting Too Much
Inclusion With Young Children
Incorporating High Standards in IEP's for School Age Children
Special Education Disputes and Conflicts
Stephanie's Case: Parent Advocacy in Action
Moore's "Pizza Analysis" for Determining Conflicts
Data Conflicts
Relationship Conflicts
Interest Conflicts
Value Conflicts
Structural Conflicts
Resolution and Management of Special Education Disputes
Teaching Negotiation Skills
Building Collaborative Special Education Teams
Concept Introduction
Communication Accommodation Theory Defined
Special Education IEP Teams: No Room for Conflict
Collaboration and Team Building Strategies
Accounting for Cultural Differences
Culture Defined
Understanding Different Cultures
High and Low Context
Various Cultural Perceptions of Education
Challenges for Special Education Teachers
A Parent's Guide: How To Get Involved
A Teacher's Guide: Involving Families
Teaching Mediation Skills
Mediation Stage 1: Convening
Mediation Stage 2: Opening
Mediation Stage 3: Communicating
Mediation Stage 4: Negotiating
Mediation Stage 5: Closing
Understanding Special Education and the Medical Aspects of Healthcare
Steven's Case: A Parent's Distrust of Doctors
Diagnosis and Misdiagnosis
Importance of Early Intervention
Legal Implications: Medical Malpractice
The Need for Early Identification
Alternative System to Improve Special Education Disputes
Miguel Action Planning System Alternative
Strength and Weakness of Maps
Alyssa's Story: A Mother Becomes an Advocate
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Courts are exploring what the definition of an "educational benefit" is. "The plan of instruction and placement should be likely to result in meaningful educational progress and not regression or trivial educational advancement" (SERR, 1992, quoting 853 F.2d 171 (3d Cir. 1988)). The history of educational benefit comes from the 94-142 "FAPE" to the Rowley decision and the shift of emphasis to "educational benefit" in the IDEA '97 (Monitoring, 2003). "Improving educational results for children with disabilities is an essential element of our national policy of ensuring equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for individuals with disabilities" (20 U.S.C. 1400(c)(1)). However, the "implementation of this Act has been impeded by low expectations, and an insufficient focus on applying replicable research on proven methods of teaching and learning for children with disabilities" (20 U.S.C. 1400(c)(4))."

Tags:autism, learning, impairment, deficiency

Abstract
An examination of the possible effects of moving from conventional energy sources to alternative or renewable energy sources. The author argues that this transformation could lead to economic destruction. A look at how this may effect society.

From the Paper
"During the second week of the George W. Bush Presidency the new administration turned their focus to the emerging concern for a new national energy policy. In the Administration's proposal three principles for a sound national energy policy were discussed: First, to create a long-term and comprehensive strategy; second, to promote environmentally friendly and energy supply increasing technology; and third, to raise the standard of living and national security for all Americans. These principles are a summation of the culmination of the fluctuating national energy polices of the past fifty years. The Bush National Energy Policy Proposal developed a new energy policy based on conventional energy policies with an understanding of the need for a movement towards new alternative policies. At the same time, the proposal takes into consideration the need for a balance between different types of energy fuels and the potentially negative social, economic, and political impact of a hasty move towards a complete reliance on alternative energy sources."

Tags:bush, gas, hydro, natural, nuclear, oil, power, renewable, solar, water, wind

Abstract
This paper looks at the novels "On the Road" and "The Naked Lunch" as examples of counter-cultural madness, where in the work of critiquing American culture, the authors choose madness as a site of exile. In each novel, the consciousness is foregrounded as the ultimate destination, where the journey to freedom is internal. Each essay also reflects strong influences of jazz music as the performance of altered realities, the transgression from confined culture towards alternative cultural sites of improvisation.