Abstract This paper considers the early history of the alphabet and how it developed from pictorial representations into something that actually represented language in the form of phonemes or sounds, from early symbols through the true alphabet of the Phoenicians and the alphabets of the Greek and Roman worlds to the alphabet used today, with variations in different parts of the world.
From the Paper "The alphabet used in English and other Indo-European languages has been extensively studied to determine how the letters developed over time. Not all languages use an alphabet, and not all alphabets are exactly alike. There are similarities among many of these alphabets, showing a common history. A.C. Moorhouse notes the steps in the development of the alphabet over time. Writing began with picture-writing, offering a synoptic view of a scene or event, as seen or imagined by the artist. This gave way to pictograms, or the separation of the different items in the picture so that they were then portrayed using a number of distinct signs, each standing directly for the object shown. "
Abstract The writer of this paper details the characteristics of the Roman alphabet which is comprised of 26 letters, ranging from A-Z. This paper discusses how this particular form of communication came into being by tracing its roots back to the Roman empire. The writer contends and explains the manner in which the Roman alphabet came to represent the development of phonetic alphabets in early society in which the Greeks and Romans were considered equal cultures. This paper discusses the ongoing disagreements of various historians in regards to the actual birth of the Roman alphabet which has been adopted by many societies and countries around the world. This paper examines the phonetic aspects of this alphabet and how it's used in numerous world languages. This paper also analyzes the manner in which the alphabet relates to general speech and communication and its relevance in a literate society.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Characteristics and History
Speech, Writing and the Roman Alphabet Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "The Roman alphabet is not recognizably hieroglyphic like some examples of hieroglyphic alphabets like ancient Egyptian, in which you can really see the pictogram and say that it is supposed to look like a hawk, or a person, or a temple. Looking at the letter A for example you couldn't really say that it is supposed to look like anything because it just looks like a symbol. Also the Roman alphabet is not syllabic. Some alphabets, such as Korean, have character symbol that means a whole syllabic word or can be combined with radicals to form other wirds. But the Roman alphabet is arranged in a different manner in terms of suggested sounds instead of syllables. There are many perspectives on how the alphabet has helped us."
Abstract A history of the written word, examining writing from its Sumerian origins through the development of the Greek alphabet. The focus is the shift from pictographic characters to a phonetic alphabet. This paper discusses the Old Canaanite, Phoenician, Egyptian, Hebrew, and Aramaic scripts as well.
From the Paper "The calling and constant challenge of the poet has been to express, in writing, the highly dynamic and abstractly imaginal feeling of the human condition. Similarly, individuals have long attempted to preserve facets of life for convenience, future reference, or posterity. Writing, now a virtual necessity, was not used until the advent of civilizations, when life became complex enough that memory could not keep track of all of those things one needed to remember. It is a much younger art than that of the spoken language ? which has existed for tens of thousands of years ? but has come far from the early days of writing to today. The first forms of writing are results of the ancient Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations."
Abstract The following paper discusses the "Three Eras of Communication,? that Sarah Russell Hankins? talks about in her essay. According to her essay, three eras of communication can be divided roughly as existing in three distinct eras or forms of idea transmission. The author discusses the primary orality era, the literary era and the secondary literary orality.
From the paper:
" The second of these eras is that of the secondary or literary era of communication. To a certain extent, to call this era secondary is disingenuous, as many cultures, such as that of the early Celtic culture in Ireland, never moved onto a literary form of communication, and obviously oral transmission occurs on a daily basis in literate cultures. However, Hankins' point is that the introduction of literacy changes the nature of both written and oral communication, as well as introducing a new venue for that communication. This era moves stretches through the invention of the first alphabet to the introduction of the printing press in the Middle Ages".
A look at the role of Ancient Greek alphabetic writing system in literacy, education, literature, culture, politics and the development of Western civilization.
5,850 words (approx. 23.4 pages), 19 sources, 1994, $ 135.95
From the Paper "During the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., the civilization of ancient Greece underwent a cultural shift which has often been referred as the "Greek Miracle." The Golden Age which resulted from this shift is historically important because many of the Greek innovations from that time have had a powerful influence on the subsequent development of Western civilization. One of the most notable features of the Greek (or Hellene) culture is that it was strongly concerned with the concept of humanism. The Greeks recognized that the powers of intelligence and reason made human beings unique among the creatures of the world. This pride in human affairs was reflected in such things as the treatment of deities as human-like beings and the glorification of the human body in sculpture. Related to their concern for humanism, the Greeks were also responsible for the development of the concept..."
Abstract This paper explains that the Choson dynasty is marked by the creation of the Korean alphabetic script, the establishment of the yangban, a new aristocracy, and a shift to Confucianism. The author points out that during the Choson Dynasty, many events happened in the West: Columbus discovered America, the Protestant Reformation divided Europe, and modern nationalism resulted in powerful states like Germany, Italy, and Russia and the Industrial Revolution. The author believes that the Japanese domination changed the unique culture of Korea in many ways, basically robbing the people of the Choson Dynasty of their own ways.
From the Paper "In addition, the Korean people began to lose interest in the study of martial arts. The study of martial arts, including weapons, was banned to everyone but the military. The HwaRangDo, whose roots lay in the Buddhist teachings, eventually lost its importance among young people.
While Korea was under Japanese control, many things changed. All competitive sports and martial arts were forbidden. Only the military, which was now under Japanese control, could practice martial arts (Lancaster, 2002). SooBakGi was practiced secretly and soon changed its name again to SooBakDo. Japanese combat arts were first seen in Korea during this time. The people of Korea showed a great deal of interest in this type of fighting."
Abstract This essay analyzes the change in character of the protagonist, Nora Helmer, in Henrik Ibsen?s," A Doll's House". An alphabetized works cited is included, with reference to a critical review of the play.
From the Paper "Everyone experiences change. One might move far away from the town in which they grew up, or a best friend's death could disrupt a person's comfortable lifestyle. Hardly any changes, however, are as dramatic as the transformation in character of Nora Helmer, the protagonist in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House. Nora's transformation from doll-like puppet to real-life human being concludes with her decision to leave her family. By leaving, she becomes the evidence for Ibsen's idea that women should be free to discover their own true identities."
Abstract The paper examines which values are important for a teacher of young children to acquire in order to make them successful in their role. Issues discussed are the importance of acquiring knowledge on ADD in order to identify it early on in a child's school career, the importance of being a good role model to the child, the fact that children should be educated by philosophy and not psychology standards and the responsibility for teaching the value of good friendship.
From the Paper "Not to long ago, and it may still hold true today, it was perfectly acceptable for teachers to wear unattractive and baggy clothes, no makeup and weigh two or three hundred pounds. It was not acceptable for a teacher to admit to not want children because it would ruin her figure. "Teachers must inspire as well as instruct" (Burke, 98). An inspirational teacher is someone whom the students will want to be like, someone who they want to follow in their footsteps. The visual sense is much more stronger than the hearing sense. Strong inspiration is motivated by the visual sense. The teachers are expected to be of higher caliber than the school cafeteria workers, therefore, a professional, appearance is preferable."
Abstract Top management often resorts to the most effective and immediate means of recovery which include cutting down cost through downsizing. This paper looks at the use by companies of encouraging employees to take early retirement for financial gains and discusses its feasibility
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Definition of the problem
-Background of the problem
-Purpose of the study
-Problem Statement
-Research Questions
-Definition of terms-alphabetical order
-Limitations of the study
CHAPTER II- LITERATURE REVIEW
Health and security
Tax deferral
Financial targeting
Institutional Rationale
Employees Impacted
CHAPTER III- METHODOLOGY
- Variables
-Data collection
-Data analysis
-Research questions
CHAPTER IV- DATA ANALYSIS
- Introduction
-Analysis relevant to research question 1
-Analysis relevant to research question 2
-Analysis relevant to research question 3
CHAPTER 5- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
-Summary
-Conclusion
-Recommendation
REFERENCES
From the Paper "The process of early retirement, a strategy adopted by many companies serves to save them from paying more to retirees. Retirement plans like 401(K) and Social Security all aim towards savings for the working individuals. They are the allowance that they can utilize once they leave the professional field. In the last decade or so, the rate of savings have dipped, turned up again and dipped again several times. With this pattern, organizations are concerned whether they can sustain retirement funding. In turn they try to equip themselves with strategies to minimize long term financial risks by inducing workers to retire early. These incentives include bonuses, stocks options, bonds etc. "
From the Paper " Hillary Rodham Clinton, in her book, It Takes a Village and Other Lessons Children Teach Us, attempts to please all of the people all of the time. Her position is that children are at risk in today's society from drugs, violence, premarital sex, a lack of health care, too much television, the education system, in general, from the social structure of society itself. Hillary Clinton, throughout the book, states the importance of a child having "good" parents, but she consistently promotes the idea of governmental programs replacing parental oversight of children. She wants to remove the responsibility and credit of raising good children from the parents and place it on the government and society. This duality, claiming that parents have the greatest impact on a child's life and stating that parents must relinquish control of their own children to society, which wishes to "help".."
Tags: PSYCHOLOGY: CHILD & ADOLESCENT, BOOK REVIEWS (NON-FICTION) (ALPHABETIZED), SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Examines history of legal efforts to regulate tobacco products in the 20th Century. Looks at cigarette firms' tactics, court decisions, economics, health issues, advertising and politics.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 33 sources, 1999, $ 135.95
From the Paper " TOBACCO LEGISLATION
This research paper summarizes the outcome of attempts to regulate the harmful effects of tobacco products, primarily cigarettes, through legislation and other measures. In general and until recently, tobacco products have been largely free of regulation and the most important forms of regulation have been administrative and judicial not legislative. However, for a variety of reasons, legislative regulation of the tobacco industry is likely to make it one of the most heavily regulated industries.
Introduction
Since the Supreme Court broke up the American Tobacco trust in 1911, which it found to be a combination engaged in unreasonable restraint of trade and commerce under the Sherman.."
Tags: LAW: GENERAL, BUSINESS: INDUSTRIES (ALPHABETIZED), MEDICAL: GENERAL
From the Paper "The motivations of Christopher Columbus and other figures in The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus, edited by J.M. Cohen, are varied and contradictory. Certainly, those motivations were not purely the result of high religious principles, for the lure of gold, land, slaves, power and prestige also played a major role in driving these men to seek, reach and exploit the New World. The reader must keep in mind that the book is written by men who were likely presenting what they saw as a positive portrait of their activities and intentions. Nevertheless, the full range of their motives comes through. One passage from the account of Columbus's son demonstrates the jumble of motives at work in the hearts and minds of these Europeans in their relations with the natives:
On receiving such kindnesses and such samples of gold from..."
Tags: HISTORY: EUROPEAN, BOOK REVIEWS (NON-FICTION) (ALPHABETIZED)
This paper discusses the character, Bigger Thomas, portrayed in "Native Son" by Richard Wright, as the existential hero and his alienation from society and from himself.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 2 sources, 1977, $ 79.95
From the Paper This research paper is about the character, Bigger Thomas, portrayed in Native Son by Richard Wright, as the existential hero and his alienation from society and from himself.
The task of adjustment for Blacks in American society, particularly Black youths, is arduous, and made more difficult by the combined handicap of racial barriers and inferior social status. Personality deficiencies results and the behavioral patterns Blacks have learned in their own domestic and social environment are often inappropriate in greater American society, minimizing their chances for success - unless he is able to overcome the obstacles placed before him by a society which has a history of treating Blacks as inferior beings.
Native Son, a landmark in fiction, is the absorbing story of a "bad Negro" caught in the friction generated by his own ... "
An examination of the micro and macro economic concepts of Marx. A review of the classical theory, value, social processes, advantages and disadvantages.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 10 sources, 1989, $ 39.95
From the Paper Introduction
"This research examines the Marxist economic system. In this examination, the interrelation between micro and macro economics is considered. Modern economics is divided into the two major areas of macroeconomics and microeconomics. The difference between the two branches of economics lies in the level of aggregation at which economic phenomena are studied. Macroeconomics is primarily concerned with the study of relationships between broad economic aggregates, such as (1) national income, (2) aggregate saving and investment, (3) the quantity of money, (4) employment, (5) consumer spending, and (6) many other high level aggregations (Rees, 1984).
Microeconomics, by contrast, is concerned with the study of individual decision units..(1) consumers, (2) households, and (3)..."
Abstract This paper describes an experiment to examine the systems of the human memory responsible for language processing. It is designed to show how visual information is stored in a visual spatial sketchpad that is involved in manipulating visuo-spatial images. The experiment explores the average storage capacity of this spatial pad and the number of subsystems that might be involved in the processing of various languages. Once verified it establishes a firm ground for comprehension of how languages are processed.
From the Paper "Long term memory is the capacity store that can store large amounts of information up to long periods of time. Long term memory is used in this experiment for the storage of letters because it has a larger capacity and items entered in the LTM have a bigger retention interval. Short term memory can store up to 5 to 7 letters and hence for the encoding and retrieval of 12 to 13 letters, LTM has to be employed."
