Abstract
The paper discusses the factors that govern the present and likely future dynamics affecting the Asia-Pacific region. The paper relates the history of America's relationship with Japan, the rise of China, the North Korean military threat, the global war on terror, piracy and the potential melting of the Arctic ocean. The paper considers a range of policy options that will ensure the Asia-Pacific security framework is maintained. The paper includes several maps and an interview with a professor.

Outline:
Historical Perspective
The China Factor
The North Korean Conundrum
The Global War on Terror
Piracy and SLOC Security
The Polar Great Game
A Concert of Democracies
Policy Options for U.S.-Japan Security Alliance in the Asia Pacific

From the Paper
"America has shared a bittersweet relationship with Japan since the colonial days. "In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry aboard the battleship Mississippi arrived in Uraga, Edo Bay, demanding the opening of trade." The symbolism of the incident was not lost on the Japanese who had taken note of the carving up of China into 'Spheres of Influence' by the colonial powers and decided to sign a Treaty of Peace and Amity with the United States and then with other Western powers. Thus, an uneasy peace prevailed which continued until the U.S. declared an economic boycott of Japan in the 1930s to protect its interests in China "leading to Pearl harbor" . Japan's defeat in the Second World War led to its reinvention in the American mold with a pacifist constitution, 'Made in America' with strict stipulations on its adherence. According to the basic principles of that constitution, Japan fore swore resort to war, gave up the right to have armed forces and agreed to follow the tenets of peaceful existence in exchange for a security guarantee by the United States."

Tags:China, piracy, North, Korea, Russia, Taiwan, oil, Arctic, ocean

Abstract
The paper relates that following the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, many members of the former Warsaw Pact abandoned their former ties with Russia to pursue integration into both European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. To determine how these countries have fared as a result, this paper provides a discussion concerning the course and circumstances of the events as well as an assessment of the respective countries' situation and their motivation for this course of action, including the relevant historical, political, economic, and security aspects. The paper provides an analysis concerning whether integration into both organizations was beneficial for these countries and whether the situation of these Eastern and Central European countries has fundamentally improved as a result of their integration into these international organizations. The paper includes several graphs and tables.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As can be readily seen in Table 1 above, the former Warsaw Pact has become completely subsumed into the NATO alliance in a wholesale fashion, suggesting that these countries considered continuing membership in a collective security arrangement of some sort in their best interests, notwithstanding the diametrically different political ideologies involved. Nevertheless, it is remarkable in many ways that this transformation from membership in one military alliance to its former Cold War adversary took place so rapidly and so willingly, and there must be some truly compelling reasons for these countries to seek out new security arrangements with their former foes and the research confirms that indeed that there are many. Prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the aspiring states seeking accession to NATO included Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia but there were a number of constraints to their membership at the time that precluded their joining NATO including objections from Russia (especially as to the Balkan states) as well as the strict membership criteria required by NATO (Rupp 2002)."

Tags:Warsaw, Pact, euro, economics, security

Abstract
This paper explains that food products from Greece are specialty and ethic delicacies in many of the Balkan countries and in Russia; however, the management styles employed by many of the Greek firms leave much to be desired. The author points out that Greek industries need to improve their strategies for business-to-business (B2B) operations and the customer relationship management (CRM). The paper stresses that failure of established companies in new markets often is not the result of poor product quality or performance, but rather the companies are using marketing and sales strategies that do not conform to the local ideas and values.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
The Need for Diversification
Existing Conditions in Emerging Markets
Past Strategies for Entering Emerging Markets
Targeting and Understanding the Customer of Emerging Markets
Management and Worker Needs for Emerging Markets
Methodology
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The cost of products from Greece is not very much higher when compared to the other southeast European countries and Russia. The marketing infrastructure for foreign products is not very well developed and Greek companies wishing to do business in the region find partners and create alliances with local entrepreneurs. While Russia has opened its markets to foreign food products, government rules and sanctions still exist. Russia is a very large country and ensuring that products are distributed to all markets is practically impossible. As with any other industry having economies to scale in the food industry is also important."

Tags:ethnic, regulations, strategies, local, alliances

Abstract
This paper analyzes the political background and history of the united front policy in the Soviet Union in the early 20th century and subsequently in China after the formation of the communist parties, as well as the alliance between the Soviet and Chinese communist governments. The writer describes how the Bolsheviks turned to China to continue the world revolution and how Lenin's military and economic support of Sun Yat-sen helped to ally the two main communist parties in China at that time. However, with Stalin's rise to power, the Russian Comintern began to direct the Chinese revolution not so much to ensure its victory but rather to secure their alliance with China. This ultimately led to the destruction of the CCP.

Outline:
Chapter One:
Why Was The United Front Entered Into?
Wider Foreign Policy Implications of the Soviet Union
Leninist Strategy on the Colonial Question - Alliances with Bourgeois Groups
Benefits of the Alliance to the CCP and the GMD
GMD
CCP
The CCP as Being Greatly Influenced by the Comintern and the Soviet Union
Chapter Two
Development of the United Front and the Nature of the Relationship Between the CCP and the GMD - Equal Partners or Subordination?
Nature of the Early Relationship Under Lenin & Sun
Changes Under Stalin
Wider Foreign Policy Thinking
Stalin V. Trotsky
The Role of the CCP and the Left GMD in Their Downfall
Comintern as an Arm of Stalin
Comintern Sentencing the CCP to Death in 1927
Chapter Three
Other Reasons For the Failure of the United Front
Peasant and Agrarian Question - Getting Down to the 'Rice Roots'
The Role of Chiang Kai-shek
No Military Forces and the Naivety of the CCP

From the Paper
"The CCP was a tiny party during this time barely claiming a thousand members in 1923, due to it only having been established in 1921 in Shanghai. Then, it was no more than a grouping of radical intellectuals who having been influenced greatly by the May Fourth Movement, wanted to see further and greater change and reform in Chinese society and who regarded that the best way to achieve this would be to form a communist party. The CCP if united with the GMD could gain more members and grow from its humble size and it would also gain the prestige of affiliation with the famous Sun Yat-sen who was regarded as the father of China's Republic and the cooperation of his organization."

Tags:colonial, nationalism, resistance, bloc, socialism, imperialist, Japan, commisar, Canton, Marxist

Abstract
Today, in the early 21st century when the world order is defined by a so-called "clash of civilizations" between the West and Islam, the era of the Cold War seems almost a distant memory. However, only two decades ago the mightiest military alliances in the history of humanity - NATO and the Warsaw Pact - stared at each other across a frontier in the centre of Europe in much the same way as they had been for over a generation. The relationship between these alliances and their respective dominant players - the United States and the USSR - had been seemingly frozen without change through the decades of the Cold War. It was only with the arrival of a new Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, that a series of transformative changes began, first in the Soviet Union and then in the international order, that would bring about in the span of a few years the end of the Cold War.

From the Paper
Gorbachev and the Changes in the International System in the 1980s Introduction Today, in the early 21st century when the world order is defined by a so-called "clash of civilizations" between the West and Islam, the era of the Cold War seems almost a distant memory. However, only two decades ago the mightiest military alliances in the history of humanity - NATO and the Warsaw Pact - stared at each other across a frontier in the centre of Europe in much the same way as they had been for over a generation. The relationship between these alliances and their respective dominant players

Tags:russia, us, cold war

Abstract
This paper relates that the causes of three wars of the 1900s were not simple. The paper points out that World War I, called the Great World War, was complicated because Great Britain had established a relationship with France, which was not to come into conflict with her alliance with Japan. The paper also relates that, in World War II, the German conquest of Europe simply could not be overlooked; however, Japan's significance steps into World War II were underestimated. Although the U.S. was never involved in open physical warfare during the Cold War, other nations were involved in skirmishes as the result of communist expansion. In addition, the paper describes the role of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan in the Cold War.

Table of Contents:
World War I
World War II
The Cold War
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan

From the Paper
"Great Britain entered World War II after Hitler invaded Poland. Hitler's intention to invade Britain was no secret and only after America entered the war, did she stand a chance at survival. Great Britain needed the backing of the United States and Churchill needed Roosevelt. President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill shared what many would call a complicated relationship. It was only days after Pearl Harbor was bombed that Churchill ended up in Washington, ready to discuss the notion of war Roosevelt."

Tags:alliance russia, tripartite pact, skirmishes proactive

Abstract
The paper reviews Chapter 2 of "Origins of the War" by Sidney B. Fay entitled "The System of Secret Alliances, 1871-1890: Domination of the Eastern Empires". The paper looks at Fay's analysis of the consequences of the Franco-Prussian War, the allegiance of Russia, Austria and Germany known as the League of the Three Emperors and its dissolution. The paper also outlines Fay's perspective on the Austro-German Alliance, the recreation of the Alliance of the Three Emperors, the Russo-German "Re-Insurance Treaty," the Triple Alliance, Romania Alliance and Franco-Russian Alliance. In addition, the paper looks at how Fay highlights the end of the Eastern Empire domination and the wheels being set in motion toward World War I.

Outline:
Consequences of the Franco-Prussian War
League of the Three Emperors, 1872-1878
Near Eastern Crisis, 1875-1878
Austro-German Alliance of 1879
Alliance of the Three Emperors, 1881-1887
Russo-German "Re-Insurance treaty," 1887-1890
Triple Alliance of 1882
Romania Alliance of 1883
Breakdown of the Wire to Russia in 1890
German Relations, 1871-1890

From the Paper
"In this section, Fay discusses how Germany had remained politically and socially weak from the time of the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, and was subject to French policy, which was determined to keep Germany weak and divided. Germany dealt with the problem directly and expelled Austria from its rule by the Prussian victory at Sadowa, and established the North German Federation, although under Prussian rule. France was now the underling and Germany was the strong enemy. Bismarck was highly criticized by the French for the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, however, Fay's view is that Bismarck was just doing what is common during war and after victory. Nonetheless, Fay surmises that this decision was so pervasive and so angered France that it became one of the main underlying causes for World War I. In essence, Fay lays the fault of World War I right on the doorstep of Germany."

Tags:Three, Emperors, Triple, Alliance, Eastern, Empire, France, Russia, Germany, Turkey, Romania, Britain

Abstract
This paper discusses the Clinton administration's political, strategic and ideological motivations for supporting NATO expansion and whether the future of NATO will be as a collective defense pact or as a vehicle for democratic expansion.

From the paper:

"On March 16, 1999, the flags of the first three ex-communist countries to gain admission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization " Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic " were hoisted above NATO headquarters in Brussels, marking the final act in the first stage of NATO expansion. Fifty years after its creation, with former Warsaw Pact members joining what began as an anti-Soviet alliance, NATO's original purpose of keeping "the Americans in, the Russians out, and the Germans down" seems to no longer apply. The Russians no longer possess the ability (and some would argue the desire) to realistically threaten European security. With growing assertiveness in European affairs, the Germans are not "down," but their increased role in politics, economics, and security of Europe does not inspire the panic it would have so soon after World War II when the alliance was formed."

Tags:affairs, czech, diplomacy, enlargement, europe, expansion, hungary, international, nato, poland, relations, republic, russia, soviet, union

Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the great importance played by the division between Communist China and Soviet Russia in the field of global geopolitics in the second half of the 20th century. The writer looks at factors involved in this split in the Sino-Soviet alliance and maintains that the main roots appear to have occurred between Stalin's death in 1953 and the Hungarian uprising in 1956. This essay examines the events in this period with a particular focus on this impact on China's internal politics.

From the Paper
"In the arena of global geopolitics in the second half of the 20th century, few events were of more significance than the split in the Sino-Soviet alliance that fundamentally transformed the Communist world. While historians have noted many contributing factors to this division between Communist China and Soviet Russia, the ultimate origins seem to be rooted in the period between the death of Stalin in 1953 and the Hungarian uprising against Soviet rule in 1956."

Tags:china, russia, communism

Abstract
The hypothesis tested in this report proposes that Marxist ideology is the best explanation of why communist countries have experienced difficulties in developing democracy. This statement does not reflect an established fact, but rather presupposes that a prolonged period of communist government undertaken within the framework of Marxist thought and economic concepts makes it extremely difficult for a country turning toward a free market economic system or a democratic political system to succeed in such a transition. This hypothesis is tested with respect to Poland, China, and Russia.

From the Paper
"In the case of Russia, Boris Yeltsin and others supporting democracy crushed the totalitarian Soviet system, gave Russians the freedom to speak out and travel, and allowed the other former Soviet republics to separate from Russia peacefully (Kranz, 2000). However, perhaps because of the persistence of Marxist ideology and pro-communist political groups, Yeltsin failed to create a genuine democracy or a genuine market economy. At the same time, the recent free elections held in Russia suggest that despite persistent communist organization and opposition, and a history of authoritarian governments in Russia, a democratically elected successor to Yeltsin, Vladirmir Putin, could be placed in power (Cohen, 2000)."

Tags:Democratic, Left, Alliance, Chechnya, Yeltsin