Abstract The author of the paper describes Andrew J. Viterbi as a great engineer of the past and present century and states that his success in communication systems helped the United States become a world leader in technological competition. In particular, the writes cites the famous Viterbi algorithm and achievements in CDMA cell phone development. The paper chronicles Viterbi's life from when he left Italy with his parents in the summer of 1939, the family's struggle to settle in the US and Viterbi's development into one of the country's leading engineers. The paper is accompanied by a number of photographs.
Outline:
A Genius of the Past and Present: Andrew J. Viterbi
Linkabit and Qualcomm. His creations.
Works Cited
From the Paper "At a very young age Viterbi was already dreaming of becoming an engineer. When his family moved to Boston, he used to spend his time day dreaming about attending the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). MIT is one of the highest ranked universities not only in the US, but worldwide. Viterbi would visualize himself as a student at MIT, but he knew his family could not afford it at that time and he would have to work hard in order to have a chance to get there, Viterbi had to get a scholarship (Morton). With hard work and a strong will Viterbi got it. He was ranked fourth among 225 students in his class and was accepted by MIT. He still had to work part time in order to fulfill his needs. He worked at Raytheon in the semiconductor area. At that time it was called the "transistor department." As he studied, he was already working as an engineer on communication equipment, designing electrical circuits and writing some diagnostic programs for radio links and early television. In the evenings he had classes."
Tags:algorithmcommunicationradiosatelliteeducationQualcomm Linkabit space, jet propulsion laboratory, MIT
An in-depth analysis of the existing framework of community broadcasting in India and how to use communityradio for development in underdeveloped areas.
Abstract The paper looks at communityradio as a new way of providing communication development support to the people residing outside of the major cities in India. The paper analyzes the existing framework of community broadcasting in India with regard to historical background, legal and financial aspects, policy interventions and government and corporate interest. The writer explores the best possible practices for communityradio to be used as a community participatory tool to ensure the participation of the underprivileged sectors of the society in designing, producing and then subsequent airing of radio programs based on local community issues, problems, needs and interests. In conclusion, the writer posits that the denial of information to the lower classes aggravates the poverty gap and that communityradio could help bridge this gap.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is Community Media?
The Concept of CommunityRadio What CommunityRadio Can Do?
The Present Scenario of CommunityRadio in India
The Legal Aspects of CommunityRadio in India
The Financial Aspects of CommunityRadio in India
The Technical and Training Requirements
Possibilities Within the Existing Indian Framework
The Policy Interventions
The Indian Experiences
CommunityRadio - Voices
CommunityRadio - AID
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In contrast to the government efforts to bridge the digital divide and to take the advantages of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to the masses, the colonial and fossilized Indian Broadcasting laws continues to hold sway over the broadcasting arena. On the one hand, Judiciary has endorsed that 'airways are public property', while on the other, in practical realm, lines between public and private broadcasting still remain conveniently blurred. No doubt, that private radio has made an entry into the Indian broadcast arena, but community radio remains to find legitimacy by the law of the land."
Abstract This annotation comments on and summarizes Barber's "An Aristocracy of Everyone" in the same order that the concepts are presented in the text. The paper talks about Barber's suggestion that education should be the equalizer in that it should bring everybody up, instead of playing to the lowest common denominator, while recognizing that equal does not mean identical. Also discussed in this paper are how Barber explores our society's tendency to promote the self instead of the community, issues of diversity versus unity, and how Barber explores our tendency to rewrite history. Finally, the paper touches on Barber's proposal that we teach democracy and include community service in education.
From the Paper ""An Aristocracy of Everyone" explores an important purpose of public education: the preparation of Americans as functioning citizens. In order to have a successful democracy, our citizens must be able to participate. Otherwise we must choose between a country run by ignorant citizens or instead having a system ran by the elite. The reality of our democracy actually being a representative-based system does not come into play, and it does not undermine the message being presented. Barber is trying to show that education is the great equalizer, or at least it should be, and can lead to an aristocracy of everyone."
Abstract The writer asks and answers questions concerning digital radio. Will this format be here to stay or will it just become a stepping stone technology? Will the world decide on a single transmitting format? And most importantly, will the general consumer accept this new technology? The beginnings of digital radio have already been seen. These stations, which are received via satellite, have been used by businesses to provide a variety of digital, commercial-free, music to be enjoyed by their customers.
From the Paper "The future of digital radio in Canada relies mostly on the L-Band which Canada introduced to world in 1992. The L-Band is basically a carrier that uses both terrestrial and satellite signals for wireless transmissions. This makes for a carrier that far exceeds that of its predecessors, the FM and AM band, which the government plans to replace by 2010. After digital radio becomes the standard, the CRTC plans on using the AM/FM frequencies for other purposes of wireless transmission. AM radio covers the frequencies of 530KHz to 1630Khz for a bandwidth of 1.1MHz. The bandwidth needed, though, for each channel is 0.01MHz. FM covers the band of 88MHz to 108MHz for a total bandwidth of 20MHz, with 0.25MHz needed per channel. The L-Band on the other hand ranges between 500MHz to 1500MHz, although for digital radio only frequencies from 1452MHz to 1492MHz. are slated. This leaves digital radio with the bandwidth of 40MHz, where 1.5MHz of bandwidth is needed for the 48KHz, 16bit uncompressed audio."
Tags: transmitter, music, technology, satellite, station
Abstract The paper examines amateur radio as it relates to what it is, how it works, who uses it, its educational application and the telecommunications systems associated with its use. The paper shows how there still exists a group of people that are fascinated by amateur radio and continue to utilize it as a mode of communication.
Outline:
Introduction
What is Amateur Radio?
How does Amateur Radio Work?
Who Uses It?
What are the Educational Applications of Amateur Radio?
Telecommunications systems
Conclusion
From the Paper "When most people think of amateur radio they envision an individual tinkering around with some home made contraption. Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, came about in the early part of the 20th century (Hilmes, 2007). Amateur radio began as two-way radio communication in which operators created radio sets with little more than wires, tubes and switches (Hilmes, 2007). Operators then used Morse code to communicate over the airwaves."
Tags: Morse, code, Packet, ham, communication, frequencies
Abstract This paper discusses the evolution of U.S. military satellitecommunications, the improvements made upon each new program and the impact on today's military. It looks at the requirements of today's military force and the main objectives of the satellitecommunications program.
From the Paper "For today's modern warfighter the ability to communicate effectively is the key to success on the battlefield. U S soldiers must operate covertly in unfamiliar and hostile territory and they must know where their allies are, where their enemies are and what each is doing. Today's military must be lighter, more mobile and more lethal and the improvements made in military satellite communications ..."
Tags: milsatcom, satellites, communication, military, command control
Abstract This paper explores satellite internet and its application in rural areas where traditional Internet connections are not possible. Satellite Internet is made possible in two different ways. A one-way satellite internet connection requires the user to have a phone line so that the request for a data download is made via the copper line and the download is sent using the satellite link up. The second type of connection involves the download request to be sent through the satellite Internet as well as the receiving information. Satellite Internet is becoming increasingly important for rural farmers as it gives them a sustainable competitive advantage. The need to access reliable and real-time agricultural information is critical to decision making and future farming success.
From the Paper "The use of satellite Internet is becoming increasingly important for farmers in remote locations allowing them to access integral information for vital decisions. Recently in the agricultural sector, uptake of such technology has seen a dramatic increase [9]. This paper will firstly discuss satellite Internet and the two types of connections: one-way and two-way connections. The way data is transmitted will be looked at as well as the associated advantages and disadvantages for each method. Then the focus will turn to the benefits these technologies can provide to farmers in rural locations."
Abstract This paper examines the current trend of people listening more frequently to conservative or "right wing" talk shows. It focuses on the shows of three hosts - John Carlson, Michael Savage and Rush Limbaugh and discusses how they have successfully adapted their conservative radio programs to compete with new forms of media.
From the Paper "Imagine a view from the early 1920?s; a family huddled together in front of their brand new radio. The children are excitedly waiting for the familiar sounds of ?The Lone Ranger.? Mom and Dad sit back, enjoying not only the family time together, but their moments of quiet relaxation. Eighty years ago this was the image most Americans conjure in their minds when they pictured the early day of radio. Today, radio has changed dramatically. The word radio no longer can describe the genera's housed under it. We have music radio, with pop, rock, country and jazz. Separate from musical radio is talk radio, which encompassed home and garden tips, health information, and, often, conservative opinion talk radio programs."
Tags:communication, limbaugh, mass, media, michael, radio, rush, savage
Abstract This paper discusses how radio and the movies undoubtedly paved the way for television. Without them, people would not have been acclimated to the moving pictures, broadcast sound, and home entertainment that television offered. It explains how, without the radio serials and the news, there would have been little incentive for most people to go to the expense of purchasing a television and then getting into the habit of watching it regularly. Without radio and the movies to pave the way, television may not have succeeded.
From the Paper "First came the movies. People across the world were first introduced to the magic of motion pictures in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, after the technology to produce them was developed by Thomas Edison. Up until this time, the only type of entertainment available to people that even came close to the type offered by the movies was live, on-stage productions. With the advent of motion pictures, people were able to see people perform the same piece on screen, over and over again. That was really the beauty of the movies--if people liked what they saw, they could see it again in exactly the same form as the first time they saw it."
An exploration of the importance of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) in the general strategy of the CIA and the United States government during the late 1980s.
Abstract The paper assesses the impact of the Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty organizations on the Cold War. The paper analyzes how the merged RFE/RL organization accomplished its mission across the Iron Curtain during the 1980s. The paper also illustrates how by becoming the vehicle that mobilized the frontier rebellions of Eastern European countries against the Soviet Union, RFE/RL had both a very direct and indirect influence on the collapse of the Soviet Union.
From the Paper "During the Cold War, tension between Western and Eastern Europe was extremely high. The existence of the Iron Curtain and its subsequent information cut off across this divide makes it extremely hard for American propaganda efforts to turn Soviet allies to the US. The development of the RFE or Radio Free Europe was part of the CIA's initiative to spread pro-American sentiment in Eastern Europe, behind the Iron Curtain. The program itself can be seen as a radio and communications organization, with funding specifically from the United States Congress and the CIA. The organization exists in Europe and the Middle East, with broadcasting of one thousand hours per week in over twenty eight different languages. Through the combined efforts of the RFE and the RL, Radio Liberty, organizations America was able to greatly influence a grass roots movement towards social mobility against communism."
Abstract This paper describes the history and uses of radio frequency identification (RFID). The author describes the history of radio frequency identification, especially as used during World War II. The paper further describes practical applications of radio frequency identification today, such as on toll roads and also in moving products to their destinations. The author uses Wal-Mart as an example, and also has several charts to demonstrate how RFID is used in industry. The paper concludes with potential uses for RFID in the future.
Outline:
History of Radio Frequency Identification
Fundamentals of Radio Frequency Identification
Exploring the type of RFID Tags
Active RFID Tags
Active Backscatter Tags
Passive Backscatter Tags
RFID's Future Applications
Figure 1: Comparing RFID Frequencies
Figure 2: Comparing RFID Tags and their Use
Figure 3: Exploring How RFID Works
Figure 4: RFID's Impact on a Manufacturer's Supply Chain
Table 1:
Mass customization manufacturing strategies which can be automated through RFID
Figure 5: Using RFID Technology to streamline the MRO Process
Figure 6: Authentication techniques using RFID to validate products using RFID
From the Paper "The 1990s were a significant decade for RFID since it saw the widespread deployment of electronic toll collection in the United States according to AIM (2001). From the lessons learned in transportation and the work completed by IBM engineers who developed and patented an ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID system according to RFID Journal (2002) which could be read up to 20 feet away., the foundation for reading tags in motion from a distance was of immediate interest to mass merchandisers including Wal-Mart. The pioneering work IBM had done in UHF RFID was sold off to Intermec when the computer conglomerate encountered financial difficulties in the mid 1990s. Intermec, an industry leader in bar coding and material handling applications, struggled to make the technology a market success. What were missing were data standards and the ability to create Master Data Management repositories that could be queried and used for analysis."
Abstract The paper looks at the beginnings of the KDKA radio broadcasting station and describes the events leading up to the first broadcast in 1920. The paper discusses the KDKA's growth through the years and explains how the station has managed to remain on the air for over 80 years.
From the Paper "On November 2nd in 1920, four individuals in Pittsburgh, PA made history when they reported election results over airways, becoming one of the first broadcasting stations in the United States. While their broadcast consisted of only election results, their efforts brought personal, immediate information to listeners in a way that had never before been seen, and is commonly thought to be the birth of radio journalism (Finn, 294). While their original broadcast made history, the events preceding and following the occurrence made what was to become the KDKA radio station a landmark of radio broadcasting over the next 80 years."
Abstract This paper describes how this system allows aircrafts to communicate and report to the ground and vice versa. It explains the processes involved, the transmitting of data on VHF frequencies that can be received and decoded. It is a digital data system in VHF (Aviation). It makes it possible for aviation companies to ?communicate? and track the planes of their fleet.
From the Paper "The Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC) maintains a huge worldwide VHF and HF voice network to provide operational radio communications for the aircraft industry. ACAR was designed and developed in the early eighties. It was produced to reduce the flight crew's workload by using modern computer technology to exchange many routine reports and messages. ACARS uses the AM mode because the same airborne VHF radio is often also used for voice communications. Burst transmissions are used with a limit of 220 characters per message. Transmissions often last less than one second."
Abstract This paper explores the concept of wireless communication networks and all the mechanisms involved in making them effective. The paper discusses the history and development vision of mobile networks. The paper presents the main characteristics and design issues and provides a description of wireless communication networks. In addition, the paper focuses on advantages, disadvantages, current and future applications, and developments.
From the Paper "Wireless communication was developed while wired communication was being expanded. Guilermo Marconi was one of the first to experiment with other ways to communicate besides a wired system. According to the book Marconi used Einstein's theory of relativity to create a system of wireless telegraphy. The book goes on to say that the early development of wireless communications was the stepping stone for today's wireless communications networks. (Regli) In the past wireless networks were unreliable and expensive. The old system was often criticized for not being fast enough and not providing users with the benefits associated with the traditional wired systems. However, today there have been many technological advances that have allowed these networks to become more efficient."
This paper is a literature review relating to the history of secondary physical education in the United States, which is used to develop an ideal secondary physical education curriculum.
Abstract The paper discusses the (1) multi-activity, (2) sports education, (3) social responsibility, (4) fitness, (5) lifelong physical activity and (6) eclectic models for secondary physical education. The author points out that that it is critical that the physical education instructor team with the community to procure the equipment and other resources, especially for urban schools. The paper proposes that the ideal secondary physical education curriculum is a combination of several of the models and recognizes the importance of community participation in the development of physical education initiatives.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Background
Curriculum Models for Secondary Physical Education Multi-Activity Model
Sports Education Model
Social Responsibility Model
Fitness Model
Lifelong Physical Activity Model
Eclectic Model
Meeting the Call for Equipment and Technology Needs
Proposed Physical Education Model
From the Paper "The fifth model is the Lifelong Physical Activity Model which has as its focus assisting students to "find physical activities they like and will do for the remainder of their lives." Within the framework of this model students are able to focus on the activities they like best and to become skilled through practice at these activities. These activities include individual and dual activities. Stated in relation to this model is that "Besides becoming skillful in a number of lifetime activities students must develop self-confidence for activities (self-efficacy) and self-esteem if they are to acquire lifelong activity habits.""
