Abstract
This paper argues in support of John Isbister's premise in his book "Promises not Kept" that colonialism has destructive effects on colonized countries. Next, using several sources, the author analyzes the complex and unique behavior of France toward its former colony Algeria as a representative case of post-colonial relations. This paper concludes that the only way to ensure more egalitarian post-colonial relations is for the former imperialist power to consider to what extent it is responsible for its former colony's present underdevelopment. However, the concept of responsibility should be used carefully to avoid neo-colonialism as what happened in the case of the Franco-Algerian relationship. The bibliography is listed as footnotes.

Table of Contents:
After De-Colonization: Which Role for France on the Algerian Economy?
Balance of Algerian Economy After the Decolonization, and Effects of French Colonization
The Basis of the French Economic Policy in Algeria: The Evian Accords (1962)
Which Justifications for the Post-Colonial French Influence on Algeria Economy ?
Official Justifications
Which Real Motivations?
The Specifities of the French Neocolonialism in Algeria
Algeria within the Francafrique
Which are the Specificities of this Cooperation Exemplaire ?
What is the Nature of these Relations, and their Evolution?
Critical Balance of the French Policy in Algeria
Why is the French Post Colonial Policy in Algeria a Failure?
What Should be the Future French Policy with Algeria ?
Conclusion
What are the Franco-Algerian Case's Teachings?

From the Paper
"The most common argument defended by French politicians to justify the economic presence of France in Algeria is the existence of historical, cultural, and even sentimental links. France, as a historic friend and partner, should keep providing advices and aid to its long-term partner. This argument is for me, totally naive and unrealistic. Firstly, because given the huge cost of French presence in Algeria (financial, logistic, and institutional), the benefits for France are certainly much more economically profitable than an alleged sentimental attachment. "

Tags:partnership, evian accords, independence market aid

Abstract
The paper relates that the uprising in nationalism after the First World War led to a wave of decolonization after the Second World War, especially in Asia and Africa. The paper focuses on India's non-violent revolution and Algeria's violent war of independence that are two different cases of this process. The paper specifically examines the nationalist movement in India and its results and then reviews Algeria's historical background and demands for independence. The paper concludes by highlighting the similarities and differences between the Indian and Algerian pursuits of independence.

Outline:
India
Algeria
Indian and Algerian Pursuit of Independence

From the Paper
"The Congress Party "was an anti-colonial mass democratic party (...) enjoyed significant popular support" (Riley, 2007, 829). The Congress Party became after the First World War the main actor and the most successful in its efforts because its main adversaries, the left, were contained by the British rule, and due to its growing number of members. The party had a great deal of influence and power, not only from the number of supporters and members, but also due to its non-violent ideology. According to Riley, "central to Gandhi's program was non-violence as a tactic [with] a fine balance between restraint and radicalism following a compromise-struggle-compromise strategy" (Riley, 2007, 831), using both official negotiations but also civil disobedience and mass protests. Therefore, a violent confrontation on a large scale with the British administration was more reduced."

Tags:decolonization, independence, Gandhi

Abstract
This paper discusses how through policies of suppression, division, and enculturation, the French colony of Algeria was transformed to match the needs of the French imperialist power. The author analyzes how the French were able to successfully divide the coalition between Arab and Berber populations as a means of exploiting the unwanted and hated Arab people in Algeria.

From the Paper
"The social history of Algeria is relevant to understanding inter-Algerian relations when the French arrived on the Northern coasts. The existing tensions amongst the Arab and Berber majority and minority were rooted in historical myth and memory. The French military was the first to attempt and exploit the strain through careful manipulation of the French presence in the state. Military officials recorded their interactions with local leaders and began to formulate theories designed to create hostilities between Arab and Berber peoples. As a civilian government was instilled by 1871, the official racial policies towards Algerians shifted to accommodate the new regime. During this period, the colonial government sought to curtail the growing resistance movement through a campaign of education and enculturation. The colonial government dangled a wide variety of opportunities to Algerians in the vain hopes that they would abandon the freedom movement and peacefully accept French control of the country. Unfortunately the policies of assimilation would have consequences on the existing balance amongst the people, but they were not significant enough to conceal the popularized fight for independence. During their reign, the French attempted to separate the various ethnic groups in Algeria to facilitate the process of suppressing and ultimately conditioning the Algerians to accept westernized values."

Tags:france berber arab machrib, french military, dey of algiers

Abstract
The paper discusses how, over the past several decades, two neighboring Northern African states, Algeria and Morocco, have taken different paths in their views and treatment of families and genders. The paper examines how, as a result of the specific differences in the treatment of gender, the male and female genders have assumed different roles in each of these countries. In this paper, several books and films are discussed and analyzed in order to better describe the topic of gender roles in Morocco and Algeria.

Outline:
Introduction
Portrayal of the Gender Roles in Books
Common Threads of Gender Roles
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"There are deeper cultural clashes that are depicted in "Year of the Elephant", which is a collection of stories written and compiled by Leila Abouzeid. The "title story", if you will, shares the history of a woman who has been divorced and left with nothing to her name, essentially leaving her trapped within the confines of her village. She goes through a period of depression and recounts her life story, her involvement in the independence movement, her marriage to a young man who becomes seduced by materialism. Through all of these trials, she takes on the viewpoint that the colonization that held Morocco in a powerless position is not over, that it has simply been replaced by ambitious and greedy Moroccans wielding power over the disenfranchised--the poor and women. By presenting such a complex story, Abouzeid takes on several cultural issues- secular versus sacred, materialistic versus personal, the powerful overtaking the weak, and of course the classic struggle for the genders to attain equality and more specifically for women to achieve equal rights in a society that basically refuses to give them those rights."

Tags:Islam, terrorism, Scheherazde, Goes, West, Year, Elephant, Children, New, World, French

Abstract
This paper begins by stating the women in the twentieth century advanced in many spheres in most countries, especially the western world, but how women in Algeria are still treated as second-class citizens. It provides an overview of the political situation in Algeria and then looks at issues such as domestic abuse, the legal environment for women and women in government. It also discusses assassinations on women for "honor" reasons and the Islamic Salvation Front's (FIS) attitude towards women. The paper also discusses the Algerian woman's response to this type of treatment.

From the Paper
"President Liamine Zeroual, a former general, was elected in November 1995 to a five-year term. Zeroual previously had served as president of a transition government established by the army in 1994, which included a National Transition Council as a surrogate parliament. The President controls defense and foreign policy, appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers, and may dissolve the legislature. The presidential election was competitive. In a referendum held in November 1996, the government obtained approval of proposed changes to the constitution, including the provision of a second parliamentary chamber and greater presidential authority. In June 1997, Algeria held its first parliamentary elections since January 1992 (when elections were canceled due to unrest) and elected the first multiparty Parliament in Algerian history. The cancellation of the 1992 elections, which the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) was poised to win, suspended the democratization process and a transition to a pluralistic republic, and escalated fighting, which still continues, between the security forces and armed Islamist groups seeking to overthrow the government and impose an Islamic state (Algeria Country Report, 1998, p. 1)."

Tags:islam, equality, feminism, FIS, domestic, abuse

Abstract
The paper studies the situation in Algeria as leadership and stability are being exchanged for radicalism. The writer looks at the writings of Dirk Axtmann about the nature of human identity in order to assess the inclination in Algeria to align itself with extremism. The writer traces the tragic events that have lately unfolded in the troubled country.

From the Paper
"At least 60,000 of Algeria's 28.6 million people have died in more than five years of conflict. The killings have been blamed for the most part on the Armed Islamic Group and other militant Islamic organizations, whose targets have included working women, unveiled women, government employees, journalists, academics, Roman Catholic clerics and even Islamic theologians who did not meet these groups' fundamentalist criteria (Algerian military linked to massacre of civilians, 1998, p. A15)."

Tags:fundamentalism, religion, identity, Western, killing

Abstract
This paper discusses the political situation and governmental structure of Algeria, a country that was a French colony before 1962. The country is still struggling to develop a stable form of government and has encountered numerous crises in the past few years. The author discusses some of these difficulties.

From the Paper
"Algeria gained independence from France in 1962 after seven years of war and since then has witnessed many conflicts and crisis. It is socialist republic and Islam is the state religion. The country was in a state of transition when in the early half of 1990s; Algeria encountered the first major fundamentalist backlash, which was instigated by Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), now the major political force in the country though the only legal party is National Liberation Front (FLN).'

Tags:african, socialist, republic, country, islam, national, culture

From the Paper
"THE IMPLICATIONS OF FUNDAMENTALISM IN ALGERIA

INTRODUCTION
Algeria has become a profoundly Muslim country since Independence and the precipitate departure of the Europeans. Ninety-nine percent of all Algerian Muslims are Sunnis of the Malakite rite.(1) Thus any diversity is within the context of Sunni Islam itself. The principal dichotomy being between the puritanical and scripturalist Islam of the Ulama and the Charismatic Islam of the saints (mrabitin or marabouts), who are the descendants of the Prophet and the Sufi orders (Tuniq).

BACKGROUND
The Maraboutic Islam accounted for much of the resistance from 1830 ..."

Abstract
The paper discusses the Algerian civil war that began in 1991 and extended until 2002 with the defeat of various Islamic fundamentalist groups by the secular government and its forces. The paper argues that the roots of the civil war in the 1990s can be found in the country's war of independence from the French that began in the mid 1950s and ended in 1962. The paper concludes by showing how all the conditions that led to the civil war's outbreak in the early 1990s are still present today.

From the Paper
"As so much of international conflict throughout history, the political, social, and economic instability that led to civil war in Algeria during the early 1990s has its roots both in its colonial past as well as in its struggle for independence. Algeria gained its independence from France in 1962 but this independence is estimated to have cost the country more than 300k killed while other estimates have placed the number much higher at more than 1m individuals killed due to its armed struggle against France. France struggled mightily to retain its Algerian colony even in the face of increasingly national and global trends for colonial powers to relinquish control of former colonies. Much of the instability that manifested itself during the late 1980s and early 1990s that led to civil war can be traced to the war for independence against the French which actually lasted over a period of 8 years."

Tags:Islamic, fundamentalism, terrorism, democracy, elections

Abstract
This document discusses the Algerian civil war that began in 1991 and extended until 2002 with the defeat of various Islamic fundamentalist groups by the secular government and its forces. The assertion is made that the roots of the civil war in the 1990s can be found in the country's war of independence from the French that began in the mid 1950s and ended in 1962 with full independence.

From the Paper
"This document discusses the Algerian civil war than began in 1991 and extended until 2002 with the defeat of various Islamic fundamentalist groups by the secular government and its forces. The assertion is made that the roots of the civil war in the 1990s can be found in the country's war of independence from the French that began in the mid 1950s and ended in 1962 with full independence.
"As so much of international conflict throughout history, the political, social, and economic instability that led to civil war in Algeria during..."

Tags:algeria, independence, war