Abstract
This paper describes the farming of marine algae, including a look at the types of algae farmed, where they are farmed and the conditions needed for farming. The paper also discusses the methods of farming, products produced, marketing of the product and worldwide trade in agar and carrageenan.

From the Paper
"The seaweed industry provides a variety of products including food for human consumption which has an annual value of about ... billion and hydrocolloids extracted from seaweeds to produce agar, carrageenan and other products accounts for another ... billion annually. Commercial harvesting of seaweed takes place in about ... countries spread between the Northern and Southern hemispheres in waters which can be cold, temperate or tropical. China, Japan and Korea are the primary consumers of edible seaweed. Various red and brown seaweeds are the source of three..."

Tags:marine algae, farming, agar, carrageenan, seaweed

Abstract
This paper explains that caulerpa taxifolia, which had been grown as an aquarium strain of caulerpa taxifolia bred for its pleasant appearance, rapid growth and tolerance for cold conditions, now is an accidentally introduced, invasive specie of algae, which has taken over the Mediterranean Sea. The author reports that the dense mono-cultures of the weed are smothering native plant and animal species, drastically reducing biodiversity, and, because of the toxic effects of the weed's caulerpenyne compounds, are making surviving fish, unsuitable for human consumption. The paper relates that some effective methods of eradication of caulerpa taxifolia are (1) covering and sealing by PVC tarpaulins, which were injected with chlorine, (2) applying coarse sea, (3) removing manually or using a sump-pump and (4) bio-control, which is the introduction of yet another non-native species that can combat caulerpa taxifolia.

From the Paper
"Efforts have been made in attempt to eradicate Caulerpa taxifolia at high costs. Six million United States dollars have been spent in Southern California (another location of C. taxifolia invasion) as of 2004 to kill the weed. And in South Australia, yet another place the invasive algae have been introduced, six to eight million Australian dollars have been spent on killer algae extermination. The elimination of Caulerpa taxifolia, while very costly, is necessary."

Tags:biodiversity, ecosystem, invasive, bio-control, toxic

Abstract
The following paper is a brief summation, an annotated bibliography, of five scholarly articles that deal with the factors impacting bacterial compositions in lake and other water reservoirs. The paper notes how some phytoplankton appear much more resilient than others and respond surprisingly well to things like acidification or to increased temperature.

From the Paper
""Effects of PH on Algae Community Composition Brettum, Pal. (1996). Changes in the volume and composition of phyto-plankton after experimental acidification of a humic lake." Environment International, 22(5): 619-628. The above study looked at the effects of experimental acidification on the phyto-plankton volume and composition in Lake Skjervatjern in Norway. In Basin A, the acidified basin, there were marked changes in the phyto-plankton composition and in the percentage of the main algae groups in the years 1991-92. Specifically, the percentage of green algae decreased - especially a species called Oocystis submarina v. variabilis -..."

Tags:annotated, bibliography, algae

From the Paper
"Algae Defined and Delineated


Thomas defines algae as:
Plants belonging to the subphylum Algae of the phylum Thallophyta, the lowest division of the plant kingdom.


They are nonparasitic plants without roots, stems, or leaves; they contain chlorophyll and vary in size from microscopic forms to massive seaweeds. They live in fresh or salt water or in moist places. Some serve as food or as sources of medicinal products (9:56-57).
Alexander and Alexander (1) report that algae is one of the two distinct types of Thallophyta, or those plants without the specialized organs (i.e., leaves, stems, roots) that are characteristic in higher-order plants. There are several..."

Abstract
An insight into the history of Artemia cultivation (shrimp production) including an explanation of different types and analysis of the ideal conditions for their breeding.

From the Paper
"Prior to 1950 mariculture involved trapping baby fish and shrimps during high tides in ponds with gates built on mudflats. Many years of research have led to improved and more efficient systems. Now, most oyster, mussel, shrimp and seaweed culture are of semi-intensive type. This has been accomplished by artificial breeding of superior stock. Artificial feed has been developed to maximize health and growth. Many improvements have been made in the health and management of shrimp and other cultured species (FAO, 1999). This has been largely due to an increasingly larger demand. In 1997, approximately 50% of all mariculture is preformed by way of mudflat culture in which a building is built in a pond in a mudflat. This is used for artemia as well as fish (FAO, 1999). "

Tags:aquaculture, shrimp, mariculture, cultured, species, natural, habitat

Abstract
The paper looks at whether the presence of dissolved organic matter affects algae growth and focuses on the effects of this on resource availability. It discusses the contents of dissolved organic matter and discusses how science can manipulate organic matters that may stimulate bacterial growth and thus may change the conditions to allow algae growth.

From the Paper
"Jan Viezer (2002) contends that it is the responsibility of science, namely microbiology, to discover the damage that has occurred to land and water over time as man has occupied the earth and natural disasters are continuously moving elements of man and nature across the globe (p. 57). Yet, science has the known ability in the modern age to determine the natural state of the earth, to include the ground masses, as well as the water ways, and this is significant because this knowledge will allow man to manipulate organic matters that will stimulate needed bacterial and algae growth in an attempt to preserve that which has already been severely damaged over time. Nitrogen has been determined to be a cause of "plant production in coastal water" (Anderson, Brady, Brooks, Brauwer, Levinson, McDonald, Neimi, Pearl, Racicinky, and Wardrop, 2004, p. 979)."

Tags:algae, organic, bacteria

Abstract
This paper discusses Red Tide - the common name for the blooming of certain species of dinoflagellata that have a reddish pigment causing the water to appear to be red when the massive numbers of dinoflagellates accumulate. The paper examines the dangers of Red Tide to human beings in the form of nausea, skin irritation and weakened immune systems. It also shows that Red Tide can be fatal to marine life, especially marine mammals. Finally, the paper discusses the effects of Red Tide on the fishing industry and the various things which are being done to try and control it.

From the Paper
"Red tides have been completely unaffected by pollution, and finding a way to contain outbreaks has been a daunting task for scientists. Most recently, a Woods Hole scientist has been experimenting with using clay to smother the algae (Fairfield). This new method has helped protect the billion-dollar fishing industries in Japan and South Korea, and scientists are hoping it can protect the waters in the United States as well (Fairfield).

Until recently, the research has focused mainly on the toxins emitted, and the chemistry of the harmful blooms not on finding ways to control the blooms (Fairfield). While the United States isn't a fishing economy per se, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimate that the U.S. will lose more that $1 billion over the next ten years because of the toxic algae (Fairfield)."

Tags:commercial, fishing, dinoflagellata, marine, mammals

From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the topic of single-cell protein sources. The focus of this report is on how bacteria, algae, yeasts and other single-cell organisms form food proteins from non-food sources such as petroleum. It was once thought that this would help the world food problem by turning non-food resources into protein food sources.
It was during the 1960s that the concept of relieving food shortages in underdeveloped countries by growing single-cell organisms to produce protein from petroleum was most popular. It was during the 1960s that several large oil companies worked out the technology for making this a reality. Basically, the carbon and energy for microorganism growth was provided by the straight-chain hydrocarbon molecules known as alkanes. The microorganisms used were yeasts similar to the food yeasts used on a large scale (...)"

Abstract
This paper begins by providing a brief definition of coral reefs and their main characteristics. It then discusses the different ecological problems -natural and man-caused which are slowly destroying the reefs. These include eutrophication - when the algae which is in a symbiotic relationship with the coral overgrows the coral using the increased nutrient content of the water and in the process destroys the coral. It also includes over fishing, coral bleaching and tourism. The paper finally examines the various laws and acts which have been passed to try and avert this phenomenon.

From the Paper
"Coral reefs are widely known as the "rain forests of the ocean". Providing a habitat to innumerable varieties of marine species the coral reefs are an important part of the marine ecosystem. Occupying an estimated 4,00,000 square miles (0.17%) of the ocean surface the coral reefs sustain more than 25% of all marine life. [Washington College of Law]. However uncontrolled fishing, tourism and other environmentally destabilizing activities of man have seriously endangered the coral reefs. This situation is alarming considering the fact that damage to the coral ecosystem has serious implications for all the countless species that depend on it for their survival. Let us explore the ecological effects of coral reef damage and the environmental laws, which protect them in a little detail."

Tags:fishing, tourism, algae, eutrophication

Abstract
This paper provides an insight into the coral reef, one of the most beautiful, living examples of nature. It discusses how it has taken thousands of years to create the coral reefs that are found worldwide and how these fragile ecosystems are in danger of disappearing unless citizens and the government take steps to preserve these habitats for numerous varieties of marine life. It shows how with the aid of satellites and concerned individuals, these living monuments will be around for thousands more years.

Outline
Introduction
History of the Reefs
What are Corals
How Corals Feed
Photosynthesis
A Fragile Environment
Forming the Reef
Where Coral Forms
Variety of Colonies
Architecture of the Reef
Darwin's Theory
Wildlife of the Reefs
Monitoring the Reefs From Space
Dangers From Algae
Other Dangers
Regrowth
Protection Act of 1999
Survey of Americans
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Scientists are excited about the use of the satellite since it offers views of coral reefs that are hard to reach and observe. In 2000, when a fishing boat was grounded more than 1,000 miles west of the Hawaiian Islands on the Pearl and Hermes Atoll, scientists found it difficult to reach the reef to check on the amount of damage it may have sustained. There are numerous coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean that are so remote, that it would be hard to detect or study a spill or grounding. High-resolution imagery gives scientists a much needed tool to monitor these reefs that were previously inaccessible (Soliday 154)."

Tags:satellites, nature, marine, ecosystems, photosynthesis, darwin