Abstract
This book analyzes the book "Democracy in America", which was written in the middle of the nineteenth century by French traveler, Alec de Tocqueville. The author of this paper maintains that de Tocqueville's portrayal of his vision of the character and future of American society was practically prophetic. The paper reviews within a modern context de Tocquevill's references to the entrenched materialism and commercialism; class conflict; separate spheres for men and women; and of a confusion between freedom and equality. The paper illustrates how most of de Tocqueville's observations and analyses of the United States remain relevant today, more than a hundred years later.

From the Paper
"For instance, in Chapter One of the second book of Democracy in America, the author states, "...equality, pushed to its furthest extent, may be confounded with freedom, yet there is good reason for distinguishing the one from the other. The taste which men have for liberty and that which they feel for equality are, in fact, two different things," (para. 5). The difference between liberty and equality, which is rarely vocalized as bluntly as it is in de Tocqueville's work, has been one of the underlying themes running throughout the course of American history. Whether class conflict, racial division, or gender role differentiation, American society has fulfilled de Tocqueville's image: "for equality their passion is ardent, insatiable, incessant, invincible; they call for equality in freedom; and if they cannot obtain that, they still call for equality in slavery." Similarly, de Tocqueville summed up the nature of American materialism: "The heart of man is of a larger mold; it can at once comprise a taste for the possessions of earth and the love of those of heaven; at times it may seem to cling devotedly to the one, but it will never be long without thinking of the other," (Book 2, Ch. 15). Regarding most matters of American society and ideology such as gender and race relations; class conflict; political climate; and material culture, de Tocqueville hits the nail on the head; only a few of De Tocqueville's observations were off the mark."

Tags:democracy, capitalism, freedom, liberty, american, class, social, sphere, commercialism

Abstract
Analyzes the tragic protagonist including others' views of her, her relationships with Angel and Alec, influences on her and the author's intentions.

From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION

In Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles, the central character of the novel, of course is Tess, and the story follows her from the age of sixteen until her death. Tess Durbeyfield has been told that her family is related to the wealthy D'Urbervilles. She goes to work for that wealthy and prominent family and learns that she is not related at all, but she also learns that the family is not as worthy as many believe when she is raped by the son, Alec. Pregnant, she returns home to work in the fields, and when her baby dies, she moves elsewhere and meets Angel Glare, whom she marries. She does not tell him about the rape and the death of her child until after they are married. Following the hypocrisy of the age, since he had an affair before the marriage, he gets angry and leaves for ..."

Abstract
The writer studies Alec, a twenty month old, and records his observations of the child and his informal interactions with him. The writer also interviews the parents of the child and then tests the abilities of the child himself. The writer concludes that Alec is right on track, if not advanced, in his development.

From the Paper
"I did my child-study project on a twenty months old buy named Alec. He was born on August 24th 2005. He has two half sisters who are six and eight years old. The family is upper-middle class originally from New Jersey. The mother has bachelors in criminology and masters in teaching. The father has a bachelors degree and owns an electrical company. They are still married.
"Alec is in the Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget's Cognitive-Development theory. The Sensorimotor Substage he is in is the mental representation stage. In this stage children arrive at solutions to problems suddenly rather through trial and error behavior. In doing this they experiment with action inside of their head which is evidence that they can mentally represent experiences."

Tags:play, personality, skills, independence

Abstract
This paper discusses the betrayal and hypocrisy found in Victorian society as found in Thomas Hardy's "Tess of the d'Urbervilles." The paper studies the betrayal of Tess by four of the novel's main characters, these characters being Mr. and Mrs. Durbeyfield, Tess' parents, Alec d'Urberville and Angel Clare. The paper describes how Angel's betrayal of Tess is seen as the worst, as it is unexpected and leaves the novel and Victorian society without a hero and the victim without a savior.

From the Paper
"All's Wrong with the World": Betrayal in Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles In his brilliant, and only, novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde laments the moral, or immoral, actions of the Victorian Age in which he is living. Principally, he shows the eponymous character following all forms of vice while betraying and deceiving those around him, in order to show that sometimes such an age of moral high-ground is not so moral, after all. In one such moment, Dorian has betrayed the young and infatuated Sybil Vane, and is reminiscing on this betrayal that will eventually lead to her death when.."

Tags:hardy, d'urbervilles, betrayal

Abstract
This paper explains that the protagonist Tess, in Thomas Hardy's "Tess of the D'Urbervilles", is a young, poor and naive girl who not only dreams of falling in love but also feels a strong sense of duty to provide for her family. The author points out that this novel also portrays powerfully the greed and selfishness of the other main characters. The paper suggests that Tess' poverty and a capitalist society are the motivation behind the greed, which led Tess' parents to hopes she would marry a rich gentleman and bring home money to them. The author underscores that, throughout the novel, the structured class system and rules of society influence Tess. The paper concludes that, although Tess appears to be weak in character and makes some wrong choices, her misfortunes are not all her fault and have been inflicted on her by others, especially Alec D'Urberville and Angel Claire.

From the Paper
"Not only is Alec a great influence and cause of Tess' misfortunes, but it is the abandonment from her husband Angel Claire that has the greatest impact on her. Tess is not only ashamed of her life of poverty and where she comes from, but Angel further adds to her feelings of shame of what has happened to her. Angel always assumed that Tess was a pure and respectable woman. He tells his parents that Tess is "open to conviction...a regular church-goer of simple faith; honest-hearted, receptive, intelligent, graceful to a degree, virtuous as a vestal, and...exceptionally beautiful.""

Tags:love family naive, structured class system, capitalist

Abstract
This paper is on "Was the Gulag during Stalinist rule in Russia economically profitable in the war effort or not?" It includes the references from the books Richard Overy's "Russia's War", Elena Zubkova's " Russia After the War", Alec Nove's "An Economic History of the USSR", Harry Schwartz's "An Economic History of the Soviet Economy", and Vladislav Zubk's "Inside the Kremlin's Cold War".

Abstract
This paper examines how Thomas Hardy frequently subverts social convention in his novels and how religion is unquestionably a theme that Hardy calls upon his reader to consider in "Tess of the D'Urbervilles". It looks at how he offers nature and fate as alternatives as well as established pre-Christian forms of belief and through his characters he debates their advantages and disadvantages. It covers parts of the novel dealing with Christianity, nature and superstition as systems of belief, including Tess's rape, Alec's conversion, the bible quotation, and Angel's beliefs.

From the Paper
"However ambiguous Hardy's own ideas may be, much emphasis is placed on Angel's and hence Tess's beliefs. In particular, Hardy draws the reader's attention to this in the sixth phase, entitled "the convert". The title in itself is interesting. At first, the reader is led to believe that the title refers to Alec's reformation and conversion to Christianity. However, based on the later stages of this section it is possible to argue that the title actually represents Alec's conversion to Angel's beliefs, since "the convert" has connotations of a conversion to what is right. The use of ambiguity here is meant to unsettle the reader, to make them reconsider their first impressions. Despite the implication of a conversion to the correct belief system, his conversion is described as "whimsical" (p. 314): it seems unlikely that Hardy would advocate the rejection of Christianity with so weak a character as Alec as representative."

Tags:christianity, destiny, angel, rape

Abstract
This paper deals with the role of material desires in the novel "Tess of the D'urbervilles" by Thomas Hardy. The writer focuses on the individual characters, starting with Tess's parents, Alec D'urberville, Angel Clare, and Tess Durbeyfield. The paper reveals the material desires of the characters which lead to tragedy of the heroine in despair. Moreover, this study presents Hardy's world of desires through the eyes of Hardy's critics. The paper concludes with Hardy's understanding of love, sex, and material desires and effects of those elements on human life.

From the Paper
"Tragedy is formed in a number of forms and influences people's life in different ways. Most of them suffer the tragedies with a lot of pain ; but people also contribute to the tragedy unconsciously , as well as consciously. Ignorant of the consequences that would subsequently follow , lustful characters play crucial roles in the life of the scapegoat.As Goethe says in his masterpiece Faust ; "While man's desires stir, He can not choose but err." In the novel of Thomas Hardy , Tess of the D'urbervilles , tragedy be falls on the protagonist ,Tess Durbeyfield. Despite her innocency and poor decisions which lead to her destruction; Tess's parents, Angel Clare, and Alec D'urberville contribute to the tragedy."

Tags:desires, material, urbervilles, literature, english

Abstract
This paper discusses, in some detail, the way in which DNA is used for forensic purposes. The paper discusses DNA typing functions, its historical use in forensics and prosecution, the possible mistakes which may be made or encouraged by DNA typing, and the future of DNA in criminal and civic cases.

What is Forensics?
How DNA is Collected
How DNA is Read
Problems With DNA
Problems With DNA

From the Paper
"The forensic use of DNA has become widely accepted in America today as providing error-proof evidence for criminal cases. Many convictions are made on the strength of DNA evidence alone, and some fewer number of accused "criminals" have been cleared of all charges on the account of late-discovered DNA evidence. Depending entirely on one's perspective, DNA sequencing may be either a godsend or one of the most serious threats to an objective justice system to have surfaced in a hundred years. On the one hand, DNA evidence can accurately link a suspect to physical evidence left at the murder scene with a striking accuracy, with the probability for error being only one in five million when considered a (genetically) average suspect and an average gene pool."

Tags:alec, jeffreys, geneticist, unique, samples, fingerprinting, testing, typing, guilt, innocence

Abstract
This paper explores the similarities and differences of Thomas Hardy's "Tess of D'Urbervilles" and Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter" in the areas of purpose, audience, symbolism, and author background. It delves into the development of each heroine as a product of her society.

From the Paper
"Love, sin, and innocence have existed as long as humanity, and so, they have been violated for just as long. The complicated themes evoked by the intermixing of these concepts with the laws of Nature, God, and man have long been explored in literature. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Thomas Hardy are two authors who have sought to portray these themes in two vastly different settings. Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter demonstrates the Calvinistic values that characterized Puritan social and cultural life, while Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles demonstrates the Evangelical values dominant during the Victorian period. The tone of the two books differs significantly, most notably in the sense that Hawthorne uses the theme of isolation and a greater Natural law to question both the effect and relevance of Puritan values on daily human life and Hardy uses Tess's life to question Evangelical religious tenets; however, the novels also demonstrate the similarity between the two philosophies. The positions of the main characters at the end provide an exposition of each author's means of achieving his purpose, as do the journeys of each heroine. The influence of society and the nature of his audience as perceived by each author leads both to implement plot, symbolism, description, and allusion in intensely divergent ways to impart a remarkably similar theme of societal hypocrisy and morality in contrast with that of Nature."

Tags:chillingsworth's, dimmesdale, durbeyfield, forest, trees, pearl, may-day, dances, talbothays, stonehenge, alec