Abstract This paper discusses in detail the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain and how those effects play a role in the overall psychological constitution of the user/addict. The topics included in this paper include a brief yet detailed overview of substance dependence in conjunction with the evidence for psychological dependence as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV and other pertinent scientific sources. In addition, a number of recommendations for future research on the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol are discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
From the Paper "The study of the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain, as compared to other medical conditions, is relatively new in the field of medical research. Only within the last fifty years or so has the medical community focused on how drugs and alcohol affect the human brain and the conditions that arise from prolonged abuse of the various associated substances. As Dent J. Yerbury points out, "literally hundreds of substances cross the brain barrier to influence human behavior and psychology" (June,1986), especially those connected to substance abuse. Reflecting those substances that are most widely abused and that cause the most significant problems to the abuser, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM--IV) has divided the universe of substances into eleven specific drug classes--alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis (marijuana), hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, and sedatives. Most recently, one other category has been included for less commonly abused substances, being over-the-counter medications."
Abstract This paper discusses alcohol consumption in universities and colleges, describing it as being the drug of choice for university and college students. The author includes various studies carried out on this sample population and examples of strict rules and regulations that have been introduced as a result of the findings.
Outline:
Introduction
Reasons for Standards Regarding Excessive Consumption of Alcohol in University Settings
Impact of Such Behaviors on University Community
What Can Be Learned from this Experience?
How this Experience May Influence Future Behavior of the University Community
Conclusion
From the Paper "Data has indicated that university students engage in behaviors that may potentially be hazardous to themselves and/or others around them when experiencing an alcohol-induced blackout (Kraus, Signer, Swartzwelder, & White 208). Therefore, universities across the country have begun to implement procedures to combat this new trend and to protect both students and the university community from harm."
Abstract This paper defines and describes alcohol use disorders, chiefly alcohol abuse and alcohol dependency and their features and symptoms. The paper explores alcohol abuse in minors, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, the hereditary aspects of alcohol abuse and the connection between alcohol disorders and child abuse. The paper concludes from the evidence gathered that alcohol use disorder is a growing problem in the United States, and has far-reaching consequences for both the family and the wider social group.
Outline:
Introduction
Definition
Premise and Thesis
Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol Dependency
Alcohol Use Disorders
Conclusion
From the Paper "The use of alcohol has a long cultural history, with ancient peoples such as the Ancient Egyptians and the European Celts brewing beer for consumption. Medieval European society, with no clean water, had beer rations for young children, and alcohol was a regular feature of every meal time. Alcohol was also used in ritual events, and socially. With this history, it is hardly surprising that alcohol has remained a popular social tool: the desire to drink alcohol was so strong that people were prepared to witness the rise of Mobsters rather than be abstinent. Alongside social drinkers, however, there are some for whom drinking becomes a serious problem."
An examination of the relationship between post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcoholism/addiction in an effort to determine whether a correlation exists between PTSD and alcoholism.
Abstract This study examines the link between post traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism/addiction. The author proposes a quantitative correlation analysis of the relationship between PTSD and alcoholism be conducted to identify the influence of trauma on subsequent alcohol abuse in patients varying in age from 13-70. A survey of the literature available on PTSD and alcohol/substance abuse on patients is conducted leading to a conclusion that a direct relationship does exist between post traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism. This conclusion coincides with a large body of evidence and prior studies which link the prevalence of traumatic disorders with alcohol and substance abuse as well as relapse from treatment programs.
Abstract
Narrative
Introduction
Background to the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Methods
Literature Review
Alcoholism and Post traumatic Stress Disorder: Overview
PTSD and Co-morbidity of Alcoholism: The Role of Trauma
Childhood Abuse and Gender Differences in PTSD
Association Between Alcoholism and Emotion
Genetic and Environmental Influences
Models of Assessment/Conclusions
References
From the Paper "Studies suggest that the use of alcohol or other drugs may provide patients dealing with trauma with a temporary distraction and relief from the thoughts, feelings and negative emotions associated with the event (ISTSS, 2003) and that substance abuse is generally chronic because the relief provided is only temporary in nature. Further there is evidence to suggest that alcohol abuse may be utilized as a means of self medication against traumatic memories and experiences (ISTSS, 2003; Thornton, 2003).
Given this information it is critical to examine whether or not a specific relationship exists between substance abuse and PTSD in order to identify treatment methods that are most likely to benefit patients demonstrating co morbid existence of PTSD and substance abuse problems. "
Abstract This paper seeks to enlist some of the major issues regarding alcohol consumption and suggest broad guidelines for containing the malaise.
The writer believes that stronger action against the ills of alcohol is needed and that one of the most effective actions would be to label, treat, and consider the very act of alcohol consumption as an illness that needs to be cured.
Contents:
Introduction
Why do People Consume Alcohol?
Cigarette ? The Other Alcohol Social Strictures on Drinkers
Alcohol consumption is costing us a lot
Hepatitis, Cancer, Impotence, Obesity ? Which do you prefer?
Children Take to Alcohol Because We Make Them
Policies on Alcohol Consumption
Conclusion
From the Paper "Alcohol consumption is a financial hazard at all levels. It financially hurts the individual, the family, the community, the country and the world at large. I think that though there are many fragmented pieces of information available, there is no holistic study. We need to measure the true financial impact of alcoholism and convey it to people using measures and examples that they understand."
Abstract The writer of this paper contends that moderate use of alcohol is not harmful to most adults. Men may have up to two drinks per day and women and older people, one drink per day without any side effects. A standard drink is considered one 12 ounce bottle or can of either beer or wine cooler, one 5-ounce glass of wine or 1.5 ounces of 80 proof distilled spirits. This paper details the various risks and consequences associated with alcohol abuse which can be serious as well as life threatening. The writer explores the impact of heavy alcohol consumption which can increase the risk for certain cancers, particularly those of the liver, esophagus, throat and larynx. This paper also delves into the effects of fetal alcohol syndrome. This paper discusses the correlation between alcohol and traffic related accidents. This paper also details the main symptoms of alcoholism as well as the various treatments available in curbing the addiction, while also describing the difference between alcohol abuse and alcoholism.
From the Paper "In the United States, the costs of medical complications related to alcohol abuse are staggering, approximately $100 billion per year, and similar statistics are reported in other parts of the world . "Alcohol-related medical problems in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) involve almost every system, including the neurologic, respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal systems." According to one large community trauma and tertiary referral hospital, nine percent of ICU admissions were alcohol related, generating thirteen percent of costs. Moreover, it was noted that "ICU admission in patients with a history of alcohol abuse were longer and more costly than admissions not associated with alcohol abuse."
Tags:alcohol, fetus, syndrome, fas, alcoholism, treatment, health, medical
Abstract In this article, the writer maintains that any person who works in the area of domestic violence knows from experience that alcoholism is positively correlated with domestic violence. However, the writer notes that it is inaccurate to suggest that alcoholism creates domestic violence; the mere fact that many alcoholics are not violent belies that statement. The writer discusses that drinking can be a catalyst for assaultive behavior, though it does not cause that behavior; domestic violence and alcoholism are two separate problems, and that the resolution of them requires approaches specifically geared to each individual problem. The writer concludes that while alcohol abuse may be only one of many factors contributing to domestic violence in a home, it seems reasonable to suggest that treating alcohol addiction in either batterers or victims is likely to lead to an overall reduction in violence in the home. However, the because sobriety can increase violence in some batterers,and victim sobriety can increase the risk faced by each individual victim, the primary goal in intervention should be to ensure safety and then focus on sobriety.
From the Paper "Furthermore, if the victim is the alcoholic, then episodes of drinking may precede episodes of domestic abuse, because as the alcohol dulls inhibitions, the victim may engage in behavior that he or she knows is likely to result in domestic abuse. Finally, it is frequently the case that both partners are alcoholics, which exacerbates the problem even further.
"It is important to look at the impact of an alcoholic victim on domestic violence. The following is not mean to suggest that alcoholics are deserving victims of domestic assaults, but to inform people about the correlation between domestic violence and assaults. Substance abuse, predominantly alcoholism, is thought to contribute to at least half of all cases of intimate partner violence. Moreover, women with drinking problems are significantly more likely to be the victims of verbal and physical aggression by their partners than are non-alcoholic women."
Abstract This paper looks at the problem of alcoholism and examines the best way to interview an alcoholic in order to help them. The paper defines the term 'alcoholism' and examines different treatment programs. Also, an example of a comprehensive initial chemical dependency assessment interview covering a wide range of issues linked to alcoholism is included. The paper then discusses the purpose of such an assessment and how it can be used to benefit the client.
From the Paper "Chemical dependency can be defined as the continued use of mood-altering chemicals such as alcohol or drugs, despite harmful consequences and without the ability to stop or control the use. It is a primary love relationship with a mood-altering chemical that systematically changes the way a person thinks, feels and behaves. Using drugs becomes more important than interpersonal relationships, performance at school or work, planning for the future, or anything else. Evans (1990), reminds us that Father Martin, a famous priest in the addictions field, describes the criteria for identifying alcoholism simply as, "What causes problems is a problem." If drinking and using drugs are causing problems in someone's life and the individual keeps drinking and using drugs in spite of the problems, then that person has a problem with drugs and alcohol."
Abstract A paper which argues that alcohol consumption at a young age directly influences a person's way of life and lifestyle in his future. The later a person begins alcohol consumption, the better future they may have. The paper explores why people take up drinking alcohol and the signs of alcoholism. Different treatment for alcoholism, including AA, are discussed.
From the Paper "The effects of alcohol on a person, especially at a young age, blatantly correspond to the actions and outcome of this person in the future. For example, a person who does not touch alcohol until well after his twenties has a much more successful lifestyle than the person who is introduced to alcohol in his teenage years does."
Abstract This paper concerns the effectiveness of alcohol therapy programs, including but not limited to Alcoholics Anonymous, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, classical conditioning and community intervention programs. It first examines the history and statistics relating to alcohol therapy programs and then draws general conclusions from the evaluation of such programs. The paper discusses the best options available for alcoholics, but also shows that there are still many improvements to be made in this field.
From the Paper "The history of alcohol therapy programs remains unheralded. Alcoholics Anonymous may be one of the oldest therapy programs, but that does not make it the most successful. For example, the average member of AA has been dry for five years. However, this doesn?t include the alcoholics that went to their first meeting, and immediately afterwards stopped in at the nearest bar. Moreover, five years of abstinence might seem like a good start, but when combined with other programs, AA can be even more beneficial. For example, Montana, which ranks 9th in overall alcohol consumption, has recently raised its alcohol abstinence success rate above the national average. They have done so by consistently opening the door to new possibilities and new programs, some successful, some not. For example, once admitted to a hospital, a patient is not released until their counselor is satisfied with their improvement. Instead of unreliable drugs, they counsel each patient individually, with respect for their situation. Once released, a patient is sent to begin AA meetings, of which they now stand a much greater chance of continuing (Newhouse, 1999)."
Abstract The paper examines alcoholism in the workplace. The writer proposes that choosing to overcome alcoholism is of vital importance, not only for the welfare of the alcoholic and his or her coworkers, but for his or her family and society as a whole. The paper discusses how this chronic disorder, which is characterized by alcohol dependence, frequent excessive drinking, the development of withdrawal symptoms when alcohol intake is reduced, and a decreased ability to function in society or the workplace, is a problem of epidemic proportions in America.
From the Paper "Everyone agrees that alcoholism in the workplace is a significant problem, and that choosing to overcome alcoholism is of vital importance, not only for the welfare of the alcoholic and his or her coworkers."
Abstract This paper details the effects that alcohol has on all body systems, including the brain, liver, heart and digestive track. Arguments for the moderation consumption of and abstinence from alcohol are presented, as well as information about alcoholism and its genetic cause. Next, the paper explains how alcohol is metabolized from the point of ingestion. Finally, the paper presents the long term cause of CDV, dementia, and diabetes. There are six figures to support the research, including charts of the chemical metabolization of alcohol, and the progressive effect of intoxication on body and behavior by BAC.
From the Paper "There are three phases in the metabolism of alcohol: absorption, distribution and elimination. Absorption is the phase in which the greatest level of intoxication is experienced, a state that may be quantified by assessing blood alcohol content (BAC). At any point in metabolism, a drinker's blood alcohol content measures grams of ethanol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, since metabolic rate varies in different individuals, BAC is not necessarily a direct indication of how many drinks were consumed. Instead, BAC is influenced by such factors as the amount of food in the stomach, sex, and body weight and composition. Generally speaking, females have a lower body weight and higher percentage of body fat, making them more sensitive to alcohol. "
Abstract The paper introduces alcoholism, defining it as a disease that is chronic, incurable and causes the person to need the alcohol in order to function. The paper discusses symptoms of alcoholism and then proceeds to study forms of treatment such as detoxification and AA. Finally, the importance of the social worker's role in alcohol treatment is discussed and stressed.
From the Paper "One thing that has not been spoken about is how differently a patient will react to treatment if the patient is also suffering from one of the aforementioned conditions. An alcoholic with an addiction to cocaine will certainly react differently in a detox situation than an alcoholic with a nicotine addiction. Not to mention the possible presence of some type of liver damage, or other serious medical problem that could harm the patient far more than the treatment may be prepared for. Caseworkers face many life-altering decisions when it comes to the management of such cases of alcoholism and their comorbidity. It seems to be so common that research is really needed in order to aid workers recognize all of the possible complications, as well as the more appropriate treatment plan for these patients. (NIAAA, 1991)"
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of alcohol. Specifically, it discusses how alcohol affects the body. Alcohol affects the body in a number of ways, and many of these affects can have lasting and damaging results. It explains that using alcohol is a choice, and abusing that choice can be deadly.
From the Paper "Most people know that one of the most dangerous and damaging affects of excessive alcohol consumption is liver damage. The abuse of alcohol is the major cause of cirrhosis of the liver in Western countries (Ammerman, 1999, p. 65). Alcohol damages the liver because the liver is the main organ that metabolizes alcohol, and large amounts of alcohol can stress or damage the organ. Eventually, the liver cannot handle the toxic affects of the alcohol, and several diseases can result. The most serious is cirrhosis, which is irreversible. Clinical features include fatigue and jaundice, and often, the disease is not noted until it is well advanced. A liver transplant is really the only cure for cirrhosis, although there are some other medical treatments which can help stop the spread of the disease, as long as the patients stops drinking completely."
Abstract This paper presents a review of a study into the issue of alcohol and substance dependency. The paper begins by providing facts and figures of the current situation in the U.S., based on a recent study. The paper then explains the causes of alcohol dependency and how patients can be treated.
Contents:
Current Estimates
Diagnosing Alcohol Dependency
Causes of Alcohol Dependency
Prevention and Treatment
From the Paper "Similarly, there are 88 million Americans (i.e., 40% of the overall population), age 12 or older who reported the use of illegal drugs at least once in their lifetime (US Department of Justice, 2002). On the basis of the findings of the survey, it was also documented that 73.2 percent of year 2000 high school seniors reported using alcohol within the past 12 months. In this same group, 36.5 percent reported having used marijuana during the 12 months prior to the study."
