Abstract This paper studies beer and liquor sales, with particular reference to the United States. It includes a brief history of beer and liquor, the prohibition era and the effect it had on these industries. It also describes the marketing and advertising tools used by the beer and liquor industries and brief histories of some famous brands. Included are tables of financial information regarding consumption, sales and revenue of beer and liquor and an analysis of Anheuser-Busch, a very large beer and liquor company. Finally, the author reveals his personal opinion about the topic and a summary of the research is presented.
From the Paper "The exact origins of alcoholic drink are rather obscure, but most historians and anthropologists suggest that, even though our ancestors may not have understood the process of fermentation at the time, alcoholic drinks were made and drunk as early as 10,000 years (or perhaps even 25,000 years) ago. Some experts have even suggested that the beginning of agriculture could be attributed to the desire of early humans to produce beer rather than food.
The discovery or making of liquor through the distillation process, of course, came much later. Nevertheless, the Chinese are known to have distilled a beverage from rice as early as 800 BC. Europeans and Arabs are also said to have produced distilled alcoholic drinks in the early days but production of distilled liquor remained limited until about the 8th century AD. Improvement in distilling techniques gradually led to greater production of distilled spirits and various governments realizing the potential of earning revenues from the sale of liquor placed controls on the production and sale of liquor. In some countries, revenue from liquor sales has been the bedrock of their economies. For example in Russia, revenue from vodka sales was more than 40% of all state revenue in the last century. More recently, towards the end of the Soviet era, vodka sales constituted 15-20% of the value of all retail trade turnovers. "
Abstract Dante's "The Inferno" paints an incredibly vivid picture of what Hell is like. The journey Dante undertakes in order to progress pass his "lost" stage and escape Hell can be likened to the 12-Step Program a recovering alcoholic must complete in order to finally escape from the clutches of drinking to excess. This paper explores Dante's journey through the perspective of this 12-Step Program. By going through each step, one can witness the introspective and emotional self-examination Dante goes through, with a little help from his support group, in order to get out of Hell.
From the Paper "The first step that every recovering alcoholic must take involves the process of admitting his or her problem. Alcoholics must acknowledge that they are helpless when battling their addiction and they must admit that this addiction to drink has wreaked havoc on their lives to the point where they have lost control (Alcoholic Anonymous, 1955, 59). Dante's predicament is no different to that of an alcoholic struggling to regain control over his or her life. At the beginning of the poem, Dante is portrayed as having gotten lost on the path of life and trying to get back on the right path. Using imagery, Dante recalls that ?in the middle of his life, he [finds] himself lost in a dark forest, having lost the right path while half asleep.? "
From the Paper "The primary purpose of advertising is to entice the consumer to buy the product being advertised, but there are often associated issues involved in the advertising message. For some products, it is not only important to sell the specific brand but also necessary to entice the consumer to use this type of product at all. Cigarette and alcohol advertising not only promotes specific brands but the idea of smoking or drinking. Cigarette advertising has been much criticized and much curtailed because of its power to cause young people in particular to take up smoking. Liquor advertising also sells an image of drinking that is intended to appeal to the young and to influence young people to start drinking; the ads then try to influence what brand consumers buy. The degree of drinking in America today shows that such advertising is effective."
From the Paper "The purpose of this research paper was to investigate gender and alcohol use patterns. Studies regarding risk of dependence for men and women are consistent; the risk of alcoholism is reported to be greater for male offspring of alcoholic parents and environmental factors are more associated with females. Findings regarding expectancies are less consistent; some studies report that women and men have different beliefs that effect drinking behavior, others state that these differences are disappearing with the increase of drinking in women. Differences in gender effects of alcohol remain unclear; some report that women tend to be more susceptible to adverse effects. Research regarding depression is even less clear, depression is linked to..."
From the Paper "Given the high incidence of alcoholism in this country and the havoc that disease wreaks on families and communities, there is a need for understanding how various therapeutic approaches can assist family members with an alcoholic parent to heal and grow. The intent in the following pages is to explore some therapeutic approaches, think about their applicability to this situation, and illustrate how they might be utilized in working with clients."
Abstract This paper discusses Carver as a writer whose common themes are the basics of life and people's struggles. The author states that Carver's stories are largely autobiographical. The paper presents some of Carver's writings especially his short stories in his book, "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love".
From the Paper "Before considering how Carver's life impacted on his work, it is useful to give a brief biography of his life. Carver was born in Oregon to parents who both worked in low-paying jobs and struggled to support the family. Carver's alcoholic father died at age 53, leaving Carver's mother to support the family. Carver began working at unskilled jobs early in his life and married at age 20, already having two children to his wife Christine. Carver, like his father, began drinking early, developing the alcoholism that would continue for half of his life. Carver's drinking continued until 1977, accompanied by financial and marital problems. In 1977 he entered rehab for alcoholism. It was in this period after beating the alcoholism that Carver's short story collections were released. These included Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (1977), What We Talk About When We Talk About Love (1981), Cathedral (1984), and Where I'm Calling From (1988). Carver died of lung cancer in 1988."
Abstract This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of drinking among college students. Specifically, it discusses how a health care professional should give advice on the negative consequences of excessive drinking in the student population and how to stem this problem.
From the Paper "Underage drinking is a huge problem on college campuses across the nation, and it even reaches into high schools and junior high schools. Healthcare professionals are one group attempting to find a way to stem this excessive drinking among students, but the problem is so widespread, it is quite difficult to stop it, or even slow it down. As one expert on the topic notes, "No matter what the barriers are, if underage drinkers want to drink, they will always find a supplier of some sort" (Rosenblat, 2003). There is much truth to this statement, but there are still things healthcare professionals and others can do to help combat excessive drinking on and off campus."
Abstract The criminal justice system in the United States, and indeed anywhere in the world, is a governmental tool to ensure the safety and security of the citizens of the country. The paper explains, however, that certain areas have been considered in research to steer away from this goal. The public has, for example, lost a considerable amount of trust in the system as a result of apparent oppressive practices in the system. It discusses how things like alcohol have been proved to be a factor in many crimes; yet many of the prisoners with drinking problems remain untreated, and crimes are perpetuated as a result. The paper points out that there are also significant developments within the system, including IT advances, which could help to create an increase in job opportunities in a variety of departments.
From the Paper "The United States prison system appears to be the icon of years of accumulated oppressive practices against especially African Americans. Indeed, according to Parenti, the 900 percent growth of the Justice Department's budget over the last 20 years seems to have mostly been used in order to build an increasing number of prisons. These are used to house an increasing amount of prisoners (currently around 60 percent of all prisoners) incarcerated for non-violent drug crimes. Furthermore about one out of every three black men in their twenties are under criminal justice control or are sought under warrant."
Abstract This paper takes a look at cirrhosis, or liver disease, the causes of the disease and the effects that the disease has on the human body. This paper also takes a look at the possible complications caused by cirrhosis, as well as the various available treatments.
Outline:
Cirrhosis
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Complications
Diagnosis and Imaging Modalities
Treatment
Conclusions
Diagrams of the Liver
From the Paper "Both genetic and lifestyle factors can cause alcoholic cirrhosis. About 50% of the cases of cirrhosis belong to this condition. Liver's capacity can be overworked by chemical and drug overload leading to scarring. A possible cause is any illness that injures the liver like viral hepatitis B and C and chronic active hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis. A secondary condition to a very old bile duct obstruction and jaundice is an autoimmune condition described as biliary cirrhosis or cirrhosis. A condition called Sarcoidosis that looks like tuberculosis can cause cirrhosis. This is presently considered an autoimmune disease. One more cause is heart failure causing blood to pool in the liver and this overcrowding can cause cirrhosis. (Cirrhosis: www.gutdoc.org)"
Abstract This paper takes a look at how the history of African American women is closely aligned to the history of social and racial oppression in America. The paper discusses how the history of this group is linked strongly to the development of the movement in this country against inequality and for civil rights. The paper further discusses how the history of African American women is also intimately bound up with the history and after effects of slavery.
Outline:
Introduction
Aspects of Culture and Tradition
Social Work Aspects
Further Research and Resources
From the Paper "Among the many other social and health issues that characterize this group are drug and alcohol abuse and dependency. Studies have found that there is a relatively high rate of drug and alcohol abuse among African American, which can be ascribed to factors such as feelings of oppression and social discrimination. (Washington & Moxley, 2003, p.146) As one study clearly states, among the factors that influence drug and alcohol use in this group are"...sociodemographic status, race and ethnicity, interpersonal relationships, and life events....(Lucas, Goldschmidt & Day, 2003, p. 273) Studies also reiterate these points with regard to prenatal alcohol abuse. " Ethnicity and race have been identified as significant correlates of prenatal alcohol use. One study found that that "...African American women were more likely to continue to drink throughout pregnancy than were white women." (Lucas, Goldschmidt & Day, 2003, p. 273)"
Abstract This paper aims to provide an understanding of the controlled studies using contingency management (CM) in the substance abuse field and community reinforcement approach (CRA). The paper further aims to emphasize the studies that incorporate CM with a community reinforcement approach (CRA). This paper offers a critical review of the literature with an eye toward identifying important and unresolved theoretical and research questions.
Outline:
Objective
Background of the Study
Literature Review
Non-Voucher Contingency Management
Community Reinforcement Approach and Contingency Management Procedure Combined Treatment
Discussion and Indications for future Research
From the Paper "Findings of the study state that: "the addition of abstinence-based CM to standard care resulted in greater retention in treatment, a higher number of drug-negative samples submitted and longer durations of abstinence." The CM activity condition was found to be "less efficacious" than the CM abstinence condition in relation to retention in treatment and as to "some drug abuse outcomes measures". Petry et al states that: "These data contrast with those of Iguchi et al (1997) who found that CM treatment had reinforced activity completion resulted in greater reductions in drug use than a CM treatment that reinforced abstinence directly." (Petry, et al 2006) Stated as well is that "although an activity-based CM intervention was not particularly efficacious in this study when applied alone, reinforcement for compliance with goal-related activities is efficacious when applied in conjunction with reinforcement for abstinence."(Ibid) In the present study Petry et all states that "few overall differences were noted between the two CM conditions in terms of changes in ASI scores over the treatment period, and the lack of effects may reflect the individualized nature of activity selection. Some patients chose to work on employment goals, others legal goals, and still others family-related activities." (Ibid) It was also found that the "prize-based CM intervention for abstinence was efficacious, but effects on drug abuse outcomes were confounded by differences in retention rates." (Ibid)"
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses the female psychopath. The paper reports that according to studies, there are perhaps more than two million psychopaths in North American. This paper maintains that a lot more research is needed in order to better understand the profile of the female psychopath.
From the Paper "Without giving a specific breakdown of how many of the girls showed traits that matched the expected traits of psychopathic girls, the authors admit that this was only a beginning in a long series of research studies needed in the matter of determining the presence of psychopathy in girls' personalities. They stated that there were "notable differences" between the similarity and consistency when comparing Hale's model in adult males and the female responses. Five of the items in the sample which were found to be good "discriminators" in this sample ("conning/manipulative behavior"; "unstable interpersonal relationships"; "irresponsibility"; "juvenile delinquency" and "impersonal sexual behavior") did not match up with Hare's discriminators in adult females."
