Abstract This paper explains that, in the beginning of chronic renal failure, there are virtually no symptoms; however, the progression of the disease can cause an increase in blood pressure, an accumulation of potassium in the blood, an accumulation of urea, anemia, fatigue, an overload of fluid volume, cardiac arrhythmia and vascular calcification. The author points out that, at end-stage of renal disease, renal replacement therapy, such as kidney dialysis and even kidney transplant, is required to keep the patient alive. The paper relates that patients with chronic renal failure also have a high incidence of atherosclerosis, which usually accelerates at a faster rate, and of cardiovascular disease, which has a prognosis that is not as good as someone without chronic renal failure.
From the Paper "Sometimes, the levels of serum creatinine have not been measured in the past, and therefore the patient is often first treated as having acute renal failure. Only when blood tests continue to show elevated serum creatinine levels and it is determined that the renal failure is irreversible will the diagnosis be made as chronic renal failure as opposed to the previously assumed acute renal failure. A numerous amount of uremic toxins also accumulate in individuals that have chronic renal failure and are involved in the treatment of standard dialysis."
Abstract This paper outlines the symptoms of diabetic nephropathy and its treatments. The paper explains that the way to prevent kidney disease is by ensuring that the patient controls blood glucose levels, maintains a healthy lifestyle, and observes the practices necessary to regulate blood pressure and hypertension. The paper opines that physicians who are capable and willing to assist their diabetic patients in following the guidelines in this paper will likely see less presenting of all diseases, including nephropathy.
From the Paper "Diabetic nephropathy presents itself in individuals with diabetes but it is closely related to nephrolithiasis which is a common condition that affects "nearly five percent of U.S. men and women during their lifetimes" FN1. Nephrolithiasis includes a number of different nephropathy diseases. "Nephrolithiasis specifically refers to calculi in the kidneys (including) both renal calculi ureteral calculi (ureterolithiasis)" FN2 Ureteral calculi almost always originate in the kidneys, although they may continue to grow once they lodge in the ureter. Nephrolithiasis is commonly referred to as kidney stones, but other problems can occur pertaining to the kidney including two of the most prevalent conditions related to nephrolithiasis, which are IgA nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy."
