Abstract
This paper examines two articles, both purporting to deal with the issues of the globalization of English. It looks at how Alastair Pennycook, author of "Images of the Self: Our Marvellous Tongue", has a much more benevolent attitude toward the globalization of English than does Edwin Thumboo, whose scholarly article, "Closed and Open Attitudes to Globalised English: notes on issues", was published in 2003.

From the Paper
"Pennycook contends that the tremendous reach of English gave rise to an increase in the study of the language (1998). It seems a fatuous contention. Naturally, anything that is widely spread will be encountered by more people and likely studied by them. But he had a reason; he was leading up to his extensive, if sometimes rambling, discussion of the ways in which the culture of the English and the cultures their language encountered carried influence back and forth. Indeed, he goes to far as to posit that the studies of English that had become so prevalent were not engendered by the English themselves, but rather have their origins in the colonial context rather than in what is often assumed to be their provenance in Britain itself (1998 p. 131)."

Tags:pennycook, thumboo

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of communication between countries and government representatives that is efficient and effective and does not require the the aid of expensive translators. The paper further argues that the only way to achieve this important and essential efficient communication is through the adoption of a universal language, which all the people of the world understand and speak. Finally, the paper contends that such a language should be an artificial language, such as Esperanto, because it is politically neutral and not linked to any specific country, culture, or political ideology; is easier to learn than any other language; and is well-developed enough as a language to fulfill the action of communication for all purposes. A complete outline and an annotated bibliography is included with the paper.

From the Paper
"In the era of globalization and increase of interaction between the global population, the importance of an international language increases. The numbers reported by Kep Enderby, the author of "The Problem of Language In International Affairs," and a former government minister and judge, support this argument. Enderby informs readers that the world's 5.2 billion people speak 3,000 different world languages and 7,000 dialects (par. 2). As global cooperation is necessary, thousands of people from across the world attend over 2,000 international conferences a year (par. 26). Since they do not have a common language, at least four different languages are officially used, with translators still needed (Enderby par. 33). People and governments do not have a common language, and this results in misunderstandings, waste of time and waste of money. In the age where all countries are connected and dependant on one another, and where representatives of governments have to meet regularly and often, it is essential that communication between them is efficient and not requiring the aid of expensive translators. The only way to achieve this important and essential efficient communication is through the adoption of a universal language which all the people of the world understand and speak. Furthermore, a universal language will have the practical objective of giving all people, from all countries, a global identity. Most people agree with this idea but disagree on whether this universal language should be a natural language such as English, or an artificial one such as Esperanto. Although many people favor the adopting of English as an international language, believing that it is an obvious choice because it is already a popular and widely spoken second language, that is easy to learn, it is not a good alternative. The best choice for an international language is an artificial one like Esperanto because it is politically neutral, not linked to any specific country, culture or political ideology, is easier to learn than any other language, and is well-developed enough as a language to fulfill the action of communication for all purposes. However, the success of adopting Esperanto as a "lingua humana," like Gardner Ralph White calls it in "Towards the Construction of A Lingua Humana," (113) is greatly dependant upon its introduction into the educational systems of countries as a second language and the chances for its success are poor."

Tags:adopted, african, agree, alan, alastair, arabic, arabs, asian, assumption, attitude