Abstract
This paper examines how the issue of the Alaskan oil reserves and their potential for the economy of the United States has become extremely contentious. The Bush Administration and the corporate sector are of the opinion that the Alaskan oil reserve offers a potentially large resource and a possible solution to the energy needs of the country. However, there are also contending voices which see the usage of the reserves as ecologically unsound. Another perspective, which is explored in this paper, is that the Alaskan reserves will make very little difference to the overall energy problems and economy over the next decade.

From the Paper
"The National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPR-A), is situated between the foothills of the Brooks Range and the Arctic coastline, and is about 120 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Rosen, Y. 2003. ) The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) estimates the area will"... supplement production from the Alpine fields, which hold 429 million barrels and have a daily oil output of about 100,000 barrels." (US OKs Commercial Drilling in Alaska Oil Reserve) In terms of geography the oil in the petroleum reserve" lies in reservoirs only about 50 feet thick, stretched across an area 300 miles wide and 200 miles from the coast inland to the Brooks Range. In ANWR, the oil is largely concentrated in reservoirs as thick as 300 feet." "

Tags:petroleum, reserve, bush, administration

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Alaskan oil reserves and how these reserves offer a potentially large resource and a possible solution to the energy needs of the United States. This paper also reviews how using these reserves could mean possible exploitation of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

From the Paper
" The National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPR-A), is situated between the foothills of the Brooks Range and the Arctic coastline, and is about 120 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Rosen, Y. 2003. ) The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) estimates the area will"... supplement production from the Alpine fields, which hold 429 million barrels and have a daily oil output of about 100,000 barrels." (US OKs Commercial Drilling in Alaska Oil Reserve) In terms of geography the oil in the petroleum reserve" lies in reservoirs only about 50 feet thick, stretched across an area 300 miles wide and 200 miles from the coast inland to the Brooks Range. In ANWR, the oil is largely concentrated in reservoirs as thick as 300 feet." (Big oil numbers for Alaska)
At first glance there seems to be very little reason not to make use of these oil reserves. The US Geological Survey estimates that the reserve contains between 5.9 billion and 13.2 billion barrels of oil. (US expands oil exploration in Alaska). Other estimates are that the area "... is expected to produce between 5.7 billion and 16 billion barrels of oil for decades." (Murkowski L. 2005)"

Tags:offshore, drilling, environment, Eskimos, ecological

Abstract
This paper discusses how the Alaskan Boundary dispute was a territorial dispute between the United States and Canada and how, at the time of the dispute, Canada was a dominion of the British Empire and its foreign affairs were controlled by the British. The true significance of this dispute was not the mere acquisition of land, but its symbolic representation of the relationship between the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. The paper examines the historical background of the dispute including the importance of the region and the international circumstances of the time. It also examines the proceedings and awards of the tribunal created to solve this dispute.

From the Paper
"The mainland mountains parallel to the coast mention in the treaty were to be 35 miles from the coast at their summit, but if the summit was more then thirty-five miles from the coast the border was to be drawn thirty-five miles parallel to the winding coast. At the time this treaty was agreed upon the geography of the region was not fully understood, nor was it of great concern as it was main occupied by fur-traders. The traders and prospectors in the Alaskan Panhandle area were able to explore the topography of the region and it became apparent that there existed no well-defined mountain range upon which to base the border. By the time Canada and the United States had taken control of their respective regions, the blurred boundary lines had created two distinct interpretations. The United States sought an unbroken strip of land including ports and inlets, while Canada wanted control of the inlet areas along the jagged coast of the Alaskan Panhandle. This dispute smouldered during the last half of the eighteenth century with little activity, but became a high priority issue when gold was discovered in the Yukon Territory."

Tags:Alaska, America, Canada

Abstract
This paper explains that the reasons for the poverty on the Alaskan Native tribal reservations are related to (1) the culture, (2) the geography, (3) educational problems, (4) the exploitation of the natives by governments and large corporations and (5) substance abuse. The author points out that substance abuse is the single most important debilitating force among Alaska Natives, which have a higher rate of substance abuse than other cultures: 80% of all Native deaths are alcohol and the rate of fetal alcohol syndrome among Alaska Natives is the highest for any population. The paper stresses that, because solutions, which have been imposed from outside, will most likely be ineffective, there is a growing awareness that solutions to those problems must be generated at the community level and come through a re-commitment to traditional Indian values and beliefs.

From the Paper
"There are ever shrinking resources for subsistance hunting and fishing. That brings us to the next topic which is exploitation of the Native. The oil companies have upset the delicate balance between the native and his land. Those companies have damaged the land through drilling and oil spills. For example, some natives think that a partial answer to their poverty is an Native-owned and operated fishing Co-op, made up of fisherman living on an average income of about $500 a year. Last year they contracted with a Japanese firm that agreed to buy their entire catch at an excellent price. After the Japanese ship had been cleared by Customs, Immigrations, Agriculture, and Public Health agencies and U.S. Consular authorities in Japan, the governor intervened to force the Japanese to cancel their agreement on the grounds that the contract violated the North Pacific Fisheries."

Tags:culture, geography, education, exploitation, traditional

Abstract
The writer explores the affect that Alaskan oil drilling has on the environment, the fossil fuel issue and the effect drilling has on the Eskimo's lifestyle. The paper includes a diagram of the animals affected by the oil spilling and discusses points of view for and against the issue.

From the Paper
"As the world continues to improve medical research people are living longer than ever before. While people are living longer babies are still being born and this translates to a need for more natural resources than ever before. While the world is using the current resources in record numbers scientists and environmentalists are scrambling to locate new resources and solutions that will support the increasing world population while at the same time protect the environment. Sometimes the scientists and environmentalists agree and other times they are at odds as to the best way to go. For the past few years there has been an ongoing debate about oil drilling in Alaska. Alaska is often referred to as America's last frontier. It is wild and untamed and it has untapped resources that are currently being eyed for the future. Drilling for oil in Alaska has become a controversial issue for several reasons. Environmentalists and scientists remain at odds over the affect the drilling will have on the future of the area. Some of the concerns involve the Eskimos, the fossil fuel question, the environmental impact and the disruption drilling has on the sea. These topics are being addressed while the drilling marches forward which puts the topic in a time crunch in environmental eyes. The affects the drilling has on the environment and those who live in the area must be considered and addressed if the drilling is going to be productive to the world."

Tags:eskimo, spill, environment, wildlife

Abstract
This paper describes the devastation the building of the new gas pipeline in Alaska would bring on the state's environment.

Abstract
This paper explains that the present racial issue in Alaska, between whites and native Alaskans, goes back generations and continues into the most recent times. Today, native Alaskans constitute a small minority in cities but form the majority in the rural villages. The author describes the history of anti-discrimination legislation, school desegregation, imprisonment ratios and stereotypes. In Alaska, the media report a lot about the racial issues in other countries and in the mainland U.S. but not much about what has and is happening in Alaska. The paper urges that more attention to these racial problems would help end them.

From the Paper
"On September 12, 2007, the United Nations passed a resolution for the Indigenous People. The declaration is a comprehensive statement addressing the rights of these peoples. It was drafted and formally debated for over 20 prior to being adopted. The text says indigenous peoples have the right to fully enjoy as a collective or as individuals, all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law."

Tags:segregation schools, age group, racial pride, organization

Abstract
This paper examines the debate over oil drilling in Alaska. It suggests that it is not necessary even given current and possibly future gas shortages in America. It gives various reasons to the adverse affect of using Alaskan oil reserves including the Exxon Valdez incident, the development of supplementary energy sources, and environmental issues.

From the paper:

"As gas prices have risen over the past year, the term "crisis" has been tossed around a great deal, suggesting a number of different possibilities. Among these: Americans may soon run out of gas, Americans may soon be paying five or ten dollars per gallon, and the American will stall utterly if there is not enough cheap gas available. In fact, of course, none of these speculations is true. What is true, and what will be discussed in this paper, is that these higher gas prices are indeed a wake-up call to Americans that something must be done to change our expectations about where our energy will be coming from in the next century."

Tags:environment, energy, Exxon-Valdez, fuel, oil, fuel, prices, energy

Abstract
The paper relates that the continuance and historical understanding of the remaining approximate 200 tribal languages in Alaska is a significant cultural and educational concern for the American Indian and Alaska Native societies. The paper looks at the Yupik language in order to determine how to study and preserve it. The paper presents a research proposal to contrast and compare Yupik tales to other tales from the Native-Americans, the Anglo-Europeans, Africans and the Asians. This would allow an examination of the differences and similarities between cultures.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Proposal

From the Paper
"Languages have subtle nuances that cannot be translated. They embody the philosophy of a people. This information is gone when its language disappears. Linguists now believe that half the languages spoken today will disappear within the next century. This is true for some Yupik Eskimo communities in Alaska, where just 20 years ago all of the children spoke Yupik. Now, the youngest speakers of Yupik in some of these communities are in their 20s, and the children speak only English (Robins; Alaskan Native Language Center)."

Tags:tales, indigenous, literary, traditions, culture

Abstract
A look at the controversy surrounding the drilling of oil in Alaska. The writer presents political opposition as well as environmental concerns. On the other side, economic factors are taken into account.

From the Paper
"For some years, Congress as well as those interested in both the energy industry and the preservation of wild areas in the United States have argued whether drilling sites in Alaska should be expanded. One area of debate has been the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska."

Tags:arctic, preservation, environment, barrel, wildlife, energy