Abstract This paper outlines the five major filtering software products, and conducts a discussion of their pros and cons. The paper assesses how, when, or even if these filters should be utilized in schools or public libraries. The paper also attempts to answer whether filtering is unconstitutional censoring; whether public institutions have the right -- or the duty -- to filter; whether the companies that produce filtering software are truly objective; and whether there are better ways to keep minors from accessing adult material.
Abstract
I. Overview
II. Filtering Software
1. Cyber Patrol
2. Surf Watch
3. Net Nanny
4. CyberSitter
5. BESS
III. Is Filtering Interfering with "Free Speech" in Libraries and Schools?
IV. Who Are the "Guardians" of Morality on the Internet?
V. Some Conclusions
From the Paper "Today's internet provides access for all kinds of information, from useful to salacious. Access is available to anyone with the knowledge of how to use a computer. Some of the information available for mature audiences in various web sites ought to be restricted to adults. There are five major software suppliers of filters that block unwanted information and make it unavailable to children. The problems of installing such filtering software in public locations, such as schools and libraries has brought a spirited defense of First Amendment rights. The problems are not that materials might be "censored" and unavailable to minors,. But who should do the filtering. The government has passed a "Communications Decency Act". However, the on-going arguments to be presented in the body of this research paper is whether the government has a right (or the power) to censor materials that should, properly, be the responsibility of individual parents."
Abstract This paper presents a brief historical perspective of inferior vena cava filters, discusses the effectiveness for individuals suffering deep vein thrombosis (DVT), points out indications and contraindications for use and potential short and long term side effects. The history presented stems from the concept of DVT in 1860 to surgical interventions in the 1930s and 40s to the development of the IVC filter in 1967 and then on to the developments in the present.
From the Paper "In 1967, Siskin and Kwan tell us that the first inferior vena cava (IVC) filter, the Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter, was developed by a surgical forum to replace surgical ligation and prevent the occurrence of a pulmonary embolism. From that its first introduction in practice in 1972 research indicates that in the last 34 years (Siskin and Kwan; Gomez, Salwon & Basson) filters of varying shapes and materials have been developed. This paper presents a brief historical history, effectivity for individuals suffering deep vein thrombosis (DVT), indications and contraindications as well as potential short and long-term side effects."
Abstract The paper provides a report for the people of Fairbanks Alaska regarding earthquakes. The paper looks at why Alaska has so many earthquakes and concludes that another is inevitable It also looks at options for minimizing the damage caused by earthquakes.
From the Paper "Earthquakes are usually connected with fault lines. Fault lines are areas in which tectonic plates are moving more frequently then other areas(Hobbs 272). Although techonic plates are moving everywhere they are usually not moving fast enough for anyone to realize. Earthquakes occur when techonic plates achieve a high enough velocity to cause the ground to actually shake."
Abstract This paper describes what the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge actually is. It covers the pros and cons of drilling for oil in the refuge from political, economical, religious perspectives. It gives the writer's opinion on the topic, which is NOT to drill in the refuge. It then gives alternative ideas to drilling and backs them up with facts from credible sources like the U.S. Geological Survey.
From the Paper "An environmental masterpiece to be preserved, or an economic opportunity waiting to be tapped? This is the debate that has been persistent around the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for over 40 years. It is also a mainstream argument for many environmental philosophies. Pro-drilling advocates tend to take on Judeo-Christian beliefs, while anti-drilling organizations stick with conservation or preservationist values. These two groups portray their views over the internet using many types of representation, false or not, to convince readers their position is correct. Both sides have their pros and cons, but my opinion on the topic is that drilling for oil in the ANWR is a poor idea due to inevitable environmental complications."
Abstract In this paper, the writer proposes legislation in the areas of driving while distracted and of wearing a helmet when motorcycling. The writer then recommends the repeal of two Mississippi criminal laws, one law regarding illegitimate children and the other law prohibiting adultery, fornication and cohabitation. The writer also recommends strengthening a California law prohibiting the throwing of any lit or non-lit cigarette, cigar, match or any flaming or glowing substance and modifying Megan's law to require actively releasing information to the public.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Proposed Legislation
Driving While Distracted
Motorcycle Helmet Law
Recommended Repeals
Illegitimate Children
Mississippi Law Prohibiting Adultery, Fornication and Cohabitation
Recommended Modifications
Throwing or Discharging Cigarette
Needed Modification
Megan's Law
Needed Modification
Summary
From the Paper "Mississippi is attempting to reduce their welfare roles by making the mother of a second illegitimate child subject to incarceration or a fine or both. Restricting the right of procreation is a violation of the United States Constitution. Other states have passed laws tempting to reduce the number of people on welfare. These laws do not restrict the right of procreation. A person can have as many children as she wants but only two of those children will receive welfare benefits."
Tags: distraction, social structure, alaskatestimonyfilters
This paper is a complete research project that determines the factors influencing the market problems facing the Alaska wild salmon industry and explores the superiority of Alaska salmon over farm-raised salmon.
Abstract This research paper contends that Alaska salmon represents a product that is far superior to farm-raised Pacific or Atlantic salmon and that specific factors beyond the degree of its superiority led to its demise within the fishery marketplace. The author reports that the research design is historiography, which provides a systematic process on the study of prior historical research. The paper suggests that there is a need for ongoing research to be conducted to determine the superiority of Alaska wild salmon over farm-raised salmon. Figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Relevant Background Information
Statement of the Problem
Research Hypotheses
Rationale
Literature Review
Species of Alaska Wild Salmon
Chinook Salmon
Coho Salmon
Chum Salmon
Sockeye Salmon
Pink Salmon
Health Effects of Salmon Consumption
Research Methodology
Research Design
Statistical Analysis
Data Collection
Conclusion
Results
Factors Influencing the Alaska Wild Salmon Fishery Industry
Strong Conservation Philosophy
Legal Mandate
Lessons of History
Regulation of Commercial Salmon Fisheries
Salmon Hatcheries and Farming in Alaska Farmed Salmon Outside of Alaska Discussion
Recommendations
From the Paper "Sockeye salmon are anadromous, meaning they migrate from the ocean to spawn in fresh water and are unique in their appearance, with adult spawners typically turning bright red, with a green head. Consequently, sockeye are often called "red" salmon; however, during their ocean and adult migratory phase, sockeye often have a bluish back and silver sides, giving rise to another common name, "bluebacks." As well, as reported by NOAA (2003b), the name "sockeye" is thought to have originally emerged from the Indian word "sukkai.""
Abstract This paper examines how the Alaska wild salmon fishery industry has experienced ongoing challenges presented by the growing demands in the marketplace for farm-raised salmon. It proposes a study to determine the factors that have influenced the problems currently facing the industry, while further exploring the degree to which Alaska salmon is a superior product over farm-raised Pacific or Atlantic salmon. Using historical records on wild Alaska salmon, it assesses the data gathered in light of the purpose of the study and the research hypotheses.
Outline
Chapter One
Relevant Background Information
Statement of the Problem
Research Hypotheses
Rationale
Chapter Two
Species
Health Effects
Chapter Three
Research Design
Statistical Analysis
Data Collection
Chapter Four
Results
Discussion
Recommendations
References
From the Paper "In spite of the reported benefits associated with Alaska salmon, recent reports have indicated that during 2002, even during the peak of salmon season, many commercial fishermen in the fish-rich waters of southeast Alaska did not bother to go out. The worldwide market for Alaska wild salmon has crashed in a dramatic fashion even though the overall problem isn't dwindling numbers of fish, as 320,000 tons of salmon were harvested in Alaska during 2001, representing a one-third increase from 20 years ago. While a number of problems have influenced the downward trend in the market for Alaska wild salmon, as reported by Janus (2002), one of the major factors impacting this trend is found in the fact that world and domestic US markets are being
flooded with inexpensive salmon produced in foreign fish-farm operation."
Abstract This paper compares Alaska to other states in the United States. It provides demographic data and economic figures on which to base the comparison. It looks at the poverty and prosperity that is spread throughout Alaska and discusses plans by the government to boost the state's economy.
From the Paper "Alaskan families earn nearly 52 thousand dollars per household or approximately 20% more than the nation's average of 42 thousand. However, there are vast geographic disparities in poverty. 9.4% of Alaska's population lives below the poverty level, however this varies widely from county to county. In Yukon-Koyukuk, Wade-Hampton, Bethel and Dillingham counties, poverty levels range from 18.1 to 24.4 percent. Conversely, in Juneau and Anchorage, the state's largest cities, poverty levels are below 4%. Alaska's state sector is large, with over 20% of the population employed in teaching and health care, and with 10.7 percent employed in public administration. The state's manufacturing base only employs 2.6% of its workers. Retail trades also claim 11.6% of the state's employees."
Abstract This paper explains that the northern slopes of Alaska's one hundred fifty million acre coastal plain, which is part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), is abundant in both oil and gas reserves and is the number one prospect for United States' oil and gas development. The author points out that the use of wildlife refuges and wilderness areas for energy development has become a very hot topic, especially in Alaska, because of the United States' dependence on foreign oil. The paper relates that researchers and developers are seeking new technologies to drill for and transport the oil without hurting the surrounding environment in the process.
From the Paper "According to government estimates, the equivalent of one billion, four hundred million barrels of oil are tucked away under Teshekpuk Lake. This lake is Alaska's third largest lake. Teshekpuk, which means big enclosed coastal water. This is where the Pacific Black Brant migrates for its annual molt. Migratory birds, as well as moose, bear and fish take full advantage of this wild life refuge. Many make their home there and
others migrate to this placid lake every year."
Abstract This paper examines how Alaska is a very diverse state with an abundance of mineral, wildlife, as well as oil and petroleum resources. The nature of those resources brings them into direct opposition. It also looks at how the economy and urban growth of Alaska has developed through resources and how the state is unique in many ways, with a very different set of problems and challenges from the remaining states.
Abstract In the American legal system, eyewitness testimony is admissible in court as substantive evidence in both civil and criminal cases. In criminal cases, it is admissible to weigh toward the guilt or innocence of a defendant. The paper shows that eyewitness testimony given in court has its benefits and detriments, but all things considered, it is a valuable and necessary component of the American justice system. The paper focuses on the problems of eyewitness testimony and offers solutions. It also uses the Supreme Court case of Kumho Tire v. Patrick Carmichael to illustrate points in the paper.
From the Paper "Specifically, the reliability of eyewitnesses and their memory should be tested by the trial judge. Psychological studies have repeatedly shown that memory is flawed and often even illusory. For this very reason, law enforcement professionals are specially trained to remember specific details of the scene of a crime as it occurs, because memory is notoriously fickle.
To test eyewitnesses? memory and reliability, trial judges should use the factors similar to those utilized for expert witnesses, such as scientific testing and error rate testing in regard to memory recollection.
This is the only reliable way of determining whether eyewitnesses? accounts should be admitted in a court of law."
Abstract This paper reviews research into eyewitness identification credibility. It points out that, with the advent of DNA testing, many innocent people that were convicted primarily on eyewitness testimonies, have been exonerated of their crimes. The paper also adds that the courts are very suspect of expert testimonies by psychologists, and precedent is strongly in favor of limiting this type of testimony. The courts are in favor of letting the jury determine the accuracy of witnesses, not having psychologists testify as to their believability. The paper concludes that though there is research on both sides of the issue, there is clearly a need for additional research.
From the Paper "The research conducted by Ebbensen and Konecni go directly to these most vital aspects of the criminal justice system in the paper entitled "Eyewitness Memory Research: Probative v. Prejudicial Value". The conflict between psychology and the legal system appears at an impasse. The legal system thrives on eyewitness or first hand knowledge of events, it is at its very Constitutional foundation. Psychologists have made numerous scientific inquiries into the fundamental unreliability of memory and how memories can be tainted by prior events and by subsequent events. Memories fade, but nobody is sure how fast this occurs, and if there is a practical way to measure it. The legal system depends on facts presented to juries to arrive at justice, psychologists have generated numerous studies to present the facts of human memory, yet the courts rarely allow this testimony into the courtroom. In the Libby case, the core of the case was the reliability of Libby's memory when recounting events to federal investigators. Libby was accused of lying to the federal investigators, and was prepared to offer scientific evidence of his poor memory. The judge in the case excluded the testimony, again citing the Daubert rule, not wanting a psychologist to tell the jury how to rule on the guilt or innocence of Libby (Erickson, 2007, n.p.)."
Abstract This paper examines the enormous environmental disaster of the Exxon Valdez oil spill into the Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The paper provides the history of the Exxon Company, a detailed description of the accident and the following environmental cleanup. It describes the criminal negligence of the company and complete public relations failure.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Situation Analysis
Burning Mechanical Cleanup Chemical Dispersants
Effects on the Environment
Government Action
Exxon's Reaction
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Exxon Valdez, a tanker loaded with oil from the shipping terminal in Valdez, Alaska, ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound (in the Gulf of Alaska) at 12:04am, on March 24, 1989. At the helm was of Gregory Cousins, Third Mate, who was not licensed to pilot the ship through Prince William Sound, whose waters were considered treacherous. Joseph Hazelwood, the captain of the ship, was apparently asleep below deck. Third Mate Cousins had tried to dodge floating ice, performing a series of strange right turns. When the ship hit Bligh Reef, its hull ruptured and much of the cargo spilled. In the next few days, the oil spread rapidly, causing the deaths of thousands of sea birds, sea otters, and other wildlife. It covered the coastline with oil from the ship resulting of the wreck and eventually contamination of marine life; the fishing season in the sound was halted for several years.
Abstract This paper discusses how Alaskans are used to numerous earthquakes, but the 2002 disaster in Fairbanks' hinterland pointed to the necessity of attending to immediate human results then quickly repairing road infrastructure. The state's insurance industry works collaboratively with state emergency planning towards properties rebuilt according to regulations meant to fortify structures.
From the Paper "Earthquakes in the area of Fairbanks, Alaska represent an important case in terms of how the dangers of earthquakes are evaluated, in responses to their accompanying losses, and also the intended response to future earthquakes. For instance, the March 1964 'Great Alaska Earthquake' had a strong impact on groundwater thousands of miles distant, in more than 700 ground wells in the continental United States to show water-level changes including one of 12-feet in a well in South Dakota; a well in Australia, for that matter, fluctuated by more than 2 feet after the same disaster. "
Abstract This research paper is about the Congressional testimony of Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan on July 16, 2001. The paper mainly discusses the importance of the rate of interest to the entire economy and to the market, respectively. Although, in his testimony, Mr. Greenspan left the rates unchanged, there is discussion of what interest the financial market players had in having a new cut rate.
From the Paper "The Congressional testimony of Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan on July 16, 2002 proves how consequential interest rates are. In fact, control of interest rates is Federal Reserve's main device for encouraging economic expansion and deterring the slumps in the economy. In this instance, despite the stock and bond market players? disappointment at the interest rates remaining unchanged in the short-run, the Chairman decided that rates would not be cut in the then near future even though it may have helped markets to cut rates. It should be noted, however, that Mr. Greenspan was basing his decision to not cut rates at the time for the benefit of the entire economy ("Wall Street Journal")."
