Abstract
This paper explores the different ways in which al Queda terrorism shatters the key presuppositions of liberal democratic societies. It looks at how societies marked by the war on terror are likely to redefine citizenship and political community in ways antithetical to the maintenance of liberal democracy.

From the Paper
"The perpetual fear of arbitrary terrorist violence can only amplify these morbid sentiments and the disintegration of civic life which occurs in crime ridden areas offers an instructive example of the effects which free floating fear and anxiety can produce. Fear has an unmistakeably atomising logic, in such climates freedom, frequently conceptualised as a risk in itself, invariably loses ground to the imperative of security; Bigos description of the war on terror as a state of mind captures a very real dimension of it. Equally certain, however, are the profound institutional changes that accompany this change; the war on terrors implications for civil-military relations point towards a radical departure from the structure normally associated with constitutional states. US military planners have been somewhat more prescient than their civilian counterparts in drawing out the logic of this development, and the effects of the blurring boundaries between war-peace civilian-combatants were cogently laid out in the doctrine of Fourth Generation Warfare."

Tags:al, queda, fear, hobbes, liberty

Abstract
This paper examines the marketing problems facing the Al Ahram Beverages Company, a manufacturer and distributor of beer in Egypt. The paper looks at the unique cultural challenges of marketing such a product within a Muslim country.

From the Paper
"Al Ahram Beverages Company (AABC) is in a period of transition. It has gone from a publicly-held enterprise to a privately-owned company in Egypt, as part of a reform movement that included the privatization of many..."

Tags:Al Ahram Beverages company, case study, Egypt, competition, 4 Ps, marketing, product, price, place promotion, social change, liberalization, government owned monopoly

Abstract
The paper relates that Bergen's (2001) work reflects the results of extensive in-depth investigation of Osama bin Laden and al Queda, the leading terrorist threat to the United States. The paper describes how Bergen was capable of not only obtaining information that most Americans are not privy to, he was capable of talking with bin Laden personally and sharing this experience with the world at bin Laden's request. Additionally, the paper looks at how Bergen had the opportunity of spending time with key Al Queda individuals that supported bin Laden's efforts and as a means of shedding light on the philosophy and approach that bin Laden used in carrying out his assault on the United States. The paper explains that it is for these reasons that numerous people across the globe deem Bergen as one of the primary authorities on bin Laden and al Queda, using Bergen's (2001) work as a foundation for their views on this terrorist threat. Nevertheless, the paper does note that there are those who question Bergen's account of facts because of instances in which his writing is flawed and does not demonstrate actual events as they occurred.

From the Paper
"Bergen's (2001) work reflects the results of extensive in-depth investigation of Osama bin Laden and al Queda, the leading terrorist threat to the United States. Bergen (2001) a journalist and producer, formerly with CNN and ABC, had the opportunity of continually gathering information and learning about the terrorist organization and its leader for his work. Additionally, as bin Laden continued to become more powerful as a terrorist leader, bin Laden wanted to spread his anti-American message throughout the world, specifically targeting the global Muslim community to gain support for his endeavors. Bin Laden believed that using..."

Tags:book, bergen, terrorism

Abstract
This paper discusses how Roosevelt was President during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and Bush was President on September 11, 2001, when the terrorist organization al-Qaeda attacked New York City and Washington, D.C. It examines the historical events surrounding each attack and compares the policies used by each president to combat further attacks.

From the Paper
"There's no doubt that both attacks came as a complete surprise to most people. Roosevelt called the attack on Pearl Harbor a day that would live in infamy, and the immediate circumstances surrounding the attack certainly supported that view. The attack made it impossible to not declare war on Japan, and since Japan had signed an agreement with the Axis Powers, this meant we were also at war with Germany and Italy. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, the great majority of American realized we had experienced a terrorist attack, which made it unclear at first just whom we should declare war on. In some ways the 2001 attack was even more outrageous to Americans than the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. In 1941, Japan had chosen military targets. In 2001, al-Queda hit only one military target which resulted in a small minority of the casualties compared to the thousands of people who died in New York City when they attacked civilian targets. By September 15th, formal opinion in the government had formed that the terrorist group al-Queda was behind the attacks as they had claimed."

Tags:al-queda, world, war, two, wwii, japan, bin, laden, military, world, trade, center

Abstract
In this article, the writer presents an analysis of Jose Padilla's case and looks at how the U.S. government has flagrantly violated his civil rights. The writer contends that the Administration's treatment of Padilla, a U.S. citizen, was a clear violation of Constitutional rights.

From the Paper
"Jose Padilla was arrested on U.S. soil at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The FBI initially detained Padilla as a material witness to an alleged Al Qaeda plan to detonate a so-called dirty nuclear bomb within the United States. Padilla was flown to the East Coast where he was held in federal custody for over a month awaiting an appearance before a federal grand jury. Padilla however was never allowed to appear in court under that charge."

Tags:Padilla, Civil rights, constitution, violation, FBI, Al Queda

Abstract
The paper looks at the many arguments for and against the validity of Bergen's "Holy War, Inc.". The paper shows how, although Bergen is capable of supporting his thesis in the book, his political views adversely affect the overall scope of the book, because they impact the author's final determination of how terrorism can be overcome in the modern world. The paper is of the opinion that despite its limitations, Bergen's work is essential reading for anyone who desires an insight into terrorism and bin Laden.

From the Paper
"Bergen's (2001) work reflects the results of extensive in-depth investigation of Osama bin Laden and al Queda, the leading terrorist threat to the United States. Bergen (2001) a journalist and producer, formerly with CNN and ABC, had the opportunity of continually gathering information and learning about the terrorist organization and its leader for his work. Additionally, as bin Laden continued to become more powerful as a terrorist leader, bin Laden wanted to spread his anti-American message throughout the world, specifically targeting the global Muslim community to gain support for his endeavors. Bin Laden believed that using CNN as a pulpit for his views was the most effective manner in accomplishing his goals, and therefore, Bergen (2001) was capable of not only obtaining information that most Americans are not privy to, he was capable of talking with bin Laden personally and sharing this experience with the world at bin Laden's request."

Tags:al, Queda, west, security

Abstract
Since the events of September 11, 2001, American citizens have felt increased concern about the possibility of more terrorism within America's borders. Although the U.S. government has made monumental efforts to prevent future attacks, a terrorist only has to slip through once, whereas American vigilance has to be 100% successful at all times. The paper argues that because of that fact, it seems inevitable that eventually, we will see more terrorist attacks within the United States. The paper explores the threats against America and what is actually been done about it by the authorities.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Terrorism
Current Terrorism Concerns
Can we Prevent Terrorism on U.S. Soil?
Plans for Dealing with the Threat
Bibliography

From the Paper
"However, some experts on terrorism believe that we already have terrorists living within the United States. Steven Emerson wrote in his book(pp. 6-7) about accidentally happening upon a conference being attended by men in Middle Eastern Clothes. Curious, he went in. He found booths were books calling for the destruction of Christians and other "infidels" in a jihad. He heard speakers calling for death to Jews and "annihilation for the West" (Emerson, page 6). In researching these events, he found out that the FBI was not tracking internal terrorist threats and only concerned itself after crimes had been committed.
The conference he happened upon was held two months before the first attack on the World Trade Center in 1993."

Tags:911, Jihad, World, Trade, Center, Osama, bin, Laden, al-Queda, Homeland, Security

Abstract
After the September 11th attack by terrorists on the World Trade Center in New York, President George Bush declared war on terrorism. But, unlike past wars where the enemy was known by face or nationality, this new form of warfare, with terrorist cells in a multitude of countries, makes the enemy much more difficult to identify. The question is therefore asked whether a declaration of war on these "evildoers" is justified.

From the Paper
"One major concern, even in the face of all the senseless horror that started this War on Terrorism, is that we haven t found a way to clearly define exactly who the enemy is, and how and when the war will be done. This is new and uncertain territory; any of us can go to the library and find a picture of our country s leaders signing pacts with both Germany and Japan, signifying that both sides agree the war is over. Our history books show specific dates, and they are often printed on calendars. We don t have this for the War on Terrorism. As the fighting in Afghanistan waxes and wanes, we hear government officials debating who the next targets of our warfare will be. We know the fight against the Al-Queda will continue; we are assisting the Philippines in their fight against terrorists to the benefit of both governments. But we no longer have a clear focus."

Tags:Al, Queda, Afghanistan, World, Trade, Center, BinLaden, Iraq

Abstract
This paper looks at the recent historical relations between the United States and Iraq and discusses the reasons the Bush Administration cited for launching an attack on Iraq. The justifications for U.S. policy in Iraq and the ineffectiveness of this policy are discussed, and arguments are presented that maintain that the Bush Administration's unilateral decision to attack Iraq has resulted in more hostility toward the U.S. and will cause more problems and terrorism later.

From the Paper
"When the U.S. was attacked by terrorists, American leaders suspected that Iraq may have ties to international terrorists and was actively trying to make nuclear and biological weapons (Sheldon, 2003). Under Resolution 1441, Iraq is obliged to declare all of its weapons programs. Any false statements in Iraq's weapons declaration, combined with a failure to comply with and cooperate with the resolution, puts Iraq in "material breach" of its obligations which is cause for war. For this reason, and for reasons linked to Iraq's past history, President Bush decided to attack Iraq and get rid of Hussein permanently."

Tags:september, 11, world, trade, center, pentagon, pennsylvania, george, war, on, terrorism, taliban, al, queda, saddam, hussein, osama, bin, laden

Abstract
This paper gives a brief historical account of the events that led up to WWI, the Civil Rights Movement in America, and the War on Terror and points out how each one contributed to outcomes that changed the world.

From the Paper
"In June of 1914, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the thrown of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated, along with his wife, by a Slavic assassin in the city of Sarajevo, with the help of Serbians. The Slavs and Serbs wanted independence for their people, and believed the assassination would start a chain of events that would end Austro-Hungarian rule of their peoples. This event was the pivotal event that led to World War I, one of the most devastating wars ever fought in modern times. In fact the assassination was a complicate plot. There were actually seven potential assassins. One threw a bomb, but it rolled off the car of the Archduke and destroyed the prince continued on to his destination, a reception, and then followed the same route back. Foolishly, the car carrying the prince was allowed to come to a stop, and he was shot."

Tags:balkans, divided, german, surrender, ethnic, strife, rosa, parks, alabama, martin, luther, king, september, 11, al-queda, terrorists