Abstract
This undergraduate paper analyzes how the African-American Tuskegee Airmen fared in World War Two, how racial segregation effected the military services and the impact the Tuskegee airmen had on ending segregation.

Abstract
This paper focuses on the continuing segregation, humiliation and stereotypes of African-Americans, and more specifically the Tuskegee Airmen, during their service in World War II. The paper proposes that despite the treatment the Tuskegee Airmen faced, they served admirably and thus helped set the stage for the desegregation of the United States Armed service.

From the Paper
"The 99th Fighter Pursuit Squadron finally got their orders to report overseas in April of 1943 where they were assigned to help support the invasion of Sicily. Their main mission however remained one of limited contact with the enemy as their major responsibility was strafing of enemy targets which limited their air to air combat record. This lack of air to air combat record along with the squadron's transition to active combat would lead to major problems not only for the black airmen of the 99th but it would also raise the question about the role blacks would play in future operations."
"The problem for the 99th came in the form of their first combat evaluation penned by Colonel William Momyer in which he severely criticized the performance and disposition of the 99th and its personnel. In his report Moymer states: "The ability to work and fight as a team has not yet been acquired. [...] Their formation flying has been very satisfactory until jumped by enemy aircraft. This has been repeatedly been brought to the attention of the squadron, but attempts to correct this deficiency so far have been unfruitful [...] The unit shows a lack of aggressive spirit that is necessary for a well-organized fighter squadron [...] Based on the performance of the 99th Fighter Squadron to date, it is my opinion they are not of the flying caliber of any squadron in the group.[...] It may be expected that we will get less work and less operation time out of the 99th Fighter Squadron than any squadron in this Group" ( qtd. in Osur p.48)."

Tags:Negro, squadron, commander, davis, officer

Abstract
This paper explains that existing as a black man in Alabama during World War II, or in fact existing as a black man anywhere in the United States, was to be a man viewed as having little intellectual capacity. The paper then goes on to describe the involvement of black men in the WWII military, noting that, while the black man appeared to make great progress during World War II, these same men were to understand quickly that in reality, nothing had changed. However, for these black men, returning home from the war, it no longer seemed right or natural to 'stay in their place' because they had gained a new and larger perspective of their place. The author concludes that, while the Civil Rights movement did not arise immediately from this WWII experience, it did influence the future.

Table of Contents:
Objective
Terms and Definitions
Introduction
World War II
The Tuskegee Airmen
The Alabama Experience
Jim Crow Laws
Returning from the War
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"As already stated it was believed that the black man did not have the intellectual capacity to do things the white man could do and specifically, during the Second World War, it was not believed that the black man could pilot a plane. The struggle of African Americans to gain entry to the Army Air Corps had been ongoing since the use of planes was introduced into warfare during the First World War. In April of 1939, Public Law 18 which called for an expansion of the Air Corps was passed with part of the law containing an authorization to create black training programs in colleges."

Tags:separate, air corp, tuskegee, discriminatory laws, equality

Abstract
It is all too easy to forget that the black servicemen and servicewomen who fought for the United States in World War II had to face not only the united forces of Japanese and European fascist troops, they also had to fight against the debilitating and humiliating forces of racism at home before they were even given the chance to fight. This paper looks at the reasons why African-Americans joined the army, the hurdles they faced before they could enlist and the problems they encountered as black soldiers. The paper focuses on the Tuskegee Airmen, a group of black aviators who trained near Tuskegee during World War II and contributed greatly to America's victory.

From the Paper
"Despite the odds against them, many black Americans did sign up to serve for their country in the war. They did this partly out of a sense of patriotism, partly (in at least some cases) for personal ambition "perhaps because they saw the armed forces as one of the few ways that they might get ahead in a racist country" and partly because many of them believed that if they went to war for their country then conditions after the war would improve for all black Americans, who would have once again demonstrated their loyalty (Homan and Reilly, 1998, p. 11). The same thing would happen during the Korean and especially the Vietnam War with Native Americans, who would also sign up to fight for a country that had so rarely fought for them in an attempt to show their loyalty and patriotism, to improve their own personal lives, and to try to improve the lot of all Native Americans (Scott and Womack, 1998, p. 37). It was especially ironic, however, that black Americans should have to fight so hard to fight for the United States during World War II, which was at its heart a war about the importance of respecting people of different races."

Tags:patriotism, Native, Americans, 99th, Fighter, Squadron, Noel, Parrish

Abstract
This paper explores the lack of enforcement of proper moral and ethical behavior in the U.S. military. This well-researched paper details various landmark military cases, including the racially biased case involving Jackie Robinson and the Tuskegee Airmen, as well as the Tailhook scandal, in which an active duty lesbian officer was dismissed due to her sexual preference. This paper examines the official "don't ask, don't tell" policy regarding homosexuality in the military. The writer of this paper compares the moral and ethical make-up of the military in the 1950s to the present, while stressing that racism, homophobia and sexual misconduct still exists.

From the Paper
"Because of the election coming on and Wendell Wilkie cutting into the usually Democratic Negro vote, President Roosevelt gave the approval for a Negro air force squadron to be formed and trained at Tuskegee airfield. The story has it that Eleanor Roosevelt stopped by to visit, and told a pilot that she heard Negro men could not fly planes. When one pilot promised to show her, she allegedly got into the plane and took off with the black pilot. All through their training, they were apart from white pilots They were at separate airfields so there would be no "mingling". As the war lengthened and the need for pilots increased, more and more black cadets were brought to Tuskegee. But, they continued to be segregated. And they were segregated when they flew their missions in Italy."

Tags:military, u.s., american, homosexuality, sexuality, rights, racism, law, legal, trial, harrassment

Abstract
The paper shows how, during World War II, African-American soldiers fought two battles - one on the front lines of bloodshed and combat, and another on the front lines of racism and inequality at home. The paper describes the segregation in the army and focuses on the establishment and limitations imposed on the all black 99th Pursuit Squadron at the Tuskegee Army Air Field. The paper notes the bravery and skill of many black soldiers but relates that most were just put to work as menial laborers and not in combat duty.

From the Paper
"During World War II, African American soldiers fought two battles - one on the front lines of bloodshed and combat, and another on the front lines of racism and inequality at home. It is ironic that, for America, the Great War was an attempt to defeat one of history's most execrable racists - Adolf Hitler - with one of the world's most racially unintegrated armies. However, with the combined pressures of African American leaders in the US pushing for military reform and the urgent need for loyal troops and pilots on the front, black soldiers did manage to win many battles in both of their "wars.""

Tags:Tuskegee, Airmen, combat, segregation