Abstract The paper attempts to identify the economic and industry specific aspects of varying elasticities of demand for airtravel in the United States. The paper explores the consumer's demand in accordance with the recent price increase trends in airtravel. The paper then proposes a research study to better measure demand for airtravel in the U.S. airline industry.
Outline:
Summary and Introduction
AirTravel Demand Elasticity Ratios
Literature Review
Methods for Measuring Demand for AirTravel in the U.S.
From the Paper "The concept of elasticity involves the considerations for the occurring trends with consumer demand for a product, good or service that is increasing in price (Moffatt, 2005). As history has shown, when the price of a good or service climbs, the consumers resulting demand will decrease.
"Often, the consumer may begin purchasing less, taking advantage of similar goods or services of a competitor or withdraw entirely from the good or service that is increasing in price. To the degree to which demand decreases while product or service prices climb, the higher the price elasticity of demand. The price elasticity of demand is used to measure the exact economic scale of the correlation between the variances in the degree of demand for a good or service and the changes to their price."
Abstract This paper reveals that international airtravel is not only the fastest-growing, but also the most polluting form of transportation. The paper explains the ways in which airtravel disturbs the climate and discusses the limited responsive measures that have emerged internationally. The paper asserts that it is ironic that world governments exempted airtravel from a treaty to control global warming.
From the Paper "Air travel is considered one of the most fuel-guzzling forms of passenger transportation (Murray and Durning 2004). Airlines make up for fuel costs by packing passengers. But per mile, a jet actually burns almost as much energy and emits as much carbon dioxide as an average driven car would. The carbon dioxide and other gases it emits powerfully affect and change the climate because they are released at a high elevation. The effects of carbon dioxide alone double in a short period. Other pollutants disappear in time, but carbon dioxide remains in the air where it traps heat for decades. These short-term effects occur mostly in rich nations in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere (Murray and Durning)."
Abstract This paper is written in the first person and compares information found on three sites on the Internet about pulmonary embolism. The first website is more oriented at the seasonal effects of long flights and pulmonary embolism. The second website is a news website with an article about pulmonary embolism and airtravel. The third website stresses the need for knowing more about pulmonary embolism and the environment in the airplane. The author draws conclusions and recommendations from the websites and checks with the New English Journal of Medicine's detailed study about the distance traveled by air and the number of patients who developed the condition to confirm the findings.
From the Paper "My son and daughter-in-law had made plans for France. They landed at the airport and their daughter started to experience chest pains. The emergency unit at the airport checked her and told them something about it probably being pulmonary embolism. They took her to the hospital and my daughter-in-law called me to ask me about pulmonary embolism. I checked the search engines hoping to get directed to authentic information on the net about this. I came across three websites that seemed authentic and derived information from there and compared them."
Abstract This paper discusses the new extensive security systems that have been implemented in the airtravel sphere since September 11th, 2001. This paper examines the writing of one author who believes the new security measures are a positive thing and explores the various reasons why this author is right in his assertions.
From the Paper "The whole process of air travel in this country has changed drastically since the events of September 11, 2001. After the terrorist attacks that destroyed the World Trade Centers and damaged the Pentagon, tightening and heightening security on airline flights became an important priority to both the government and to the people. It can not be denied that these increased security measures have caused some major changes to the way the nation flies today. The whole process of going to an airport and getting on an airplane is very different from what it was. As with any new thing, there has been some controversy over the changes that have taken place. While many have welcomed these changes as a sign that the government and the airlines are committed to protecting the flying public, others are crying foul, complaining that these new security changes are an invasion of privacy at best, and a violation of civil liberties at worst."
Abstract In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of Very Light Jets (VLJ). Specifically, the paper discusses what this new class of planes is. The writer looks at what impact they could have on airtravel in the United States. The writer notes that the VLJ is targeted primarily to smaller companies needing airtravel, air taxi service operators, and higher income individuals tired of airline travel. The writer points out that some experts feel the VLJ may revolutionize the way many people travel by making commercial airtravel obsolete. The writer concludes that it remains to be seen how the VLJ market will affect travel and transportation, but it seems poised to truly change the face of the way the world gets around in the skies.
Outline:
Background of Very Light Jets
The Difference Between VLJs, Propeller Aircraft, and Business Jets
Disadvantages of VLJs
Training
The Players
The Impact of VLJs
From the Paper "There are several key differences between the VLJs. First are foremost is cost. Their price range runs from under $1 million to around $3 million, while business-class jets can cost upwards of $45 million for long-range jets such as the Gulfstream 550. Even low-end business jets cost about twice as much as the VLJs. Second, they are lighter in weight than business jets, with a take-off weight of under 10,000 pounds, while business jets are all over 10,000 pounds take off weight. They also are much more cost-efficient than larger jets, so they give the promise of more profits for their owners. They can cruise higher and faster than propeller-driven aircraft, and while they do cost more than prop planes, such as the Cessna 175, they offer many more features, and so, could be extremely attractive to the owner-operator in addition to small jet taxi and other commercial services."
Abstract The Treaty on Open Skies establishes a regime of unarmed, aerial observation flights over the entire territory of its participants. This paper explains how the treaty is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them. It points out that Open Skies is the most wide-ranging international effort to date to promote openness and transparency of military forces and activities.
From the Paper "Regulation of international air travel The Treaty on Open Skies establishes a regime of unarmed aerial observation flights over the entire territory of its participants. The treaty is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them. Open Skies is the most wide-ranging international effort to date to promote openness and transparency of military forces and activities."
Abstract This paper examines how for many years, ships were the only means of travel between many parts of the world and therefore, were a major means of transportation. Today, airtravel has become the preferred means of travel, especially when there is a need to travel long distances and one is short of time. It looks at how point-to-point steamship travel may connect one to one's destination, but this mode of transport is by no means as popular as is sailing purely for pleasure, on a cruise. Cruise travel is usually a round trip and is considered as a total unit, while point-to-point steamship travel is undertaken between two or more ports.
Outline
Introduction
Then and Now
AirTravel or Ship Cruise?
Booking and Overbooking
Delayed and Cancelled Flights
Check-In
Baggage
Cost
Frequent Flyer Programs
Customer Satisfaction
The Cabin
Seating for Dinner
Food
Entertainment, Fun and Games
Massage and Beauty Parlors
Shore Excursions
Safety
Health
Travel Insurance
From the Paper "Today, the scene has changed, and cruise lines are bringing their ships nearer home. Cruises of short duration are now to be had for the asking, are more affordable than ever before, and cater largely to the younger crowd. Some lines cater to the singles groups, some to honeymooners, and some to families with reduced rates. Nearly 40% of all first-time passengers are under 34, and 62% are under 55. Plenty of ships now sail out from ports like Miami, Ft. Lauderdale and Los Angeles, as well as from New Orleans, Tampa, Galveston and San Diego. The addition of many new departure points from the U.S. mean that your ports of call are almost unlimited, and that one can drive up to a cruise, altogether eliminating the hassles of air travel such as airport queues, foreign airports and immigration lines. This is especially relevant, given the implementation of new and often frustrating airport security checks."
Abstract This paper discusses how both Congress and interest groups are constantly looking in to new ways to ensure the safety of passengers in the various modes of travel currently available since the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It looks at how Congress and the President have created the Transportation Security Administration and passed new laws in an effort to protect American travelers and how the courts are starting to become active in travel security by awarding large settlements to victims of hotels that don?t provide adequate protection. It examines such issues as Congress and air-travel, lapses in security, transport on buses, trains and boats and issues regarding travelling with children and evaluates the airtravel security law which addresses having additional air marshals on flights and replacing security screeners with a federal agency, but requires airports to install full explosive detection systems by the end of 2002.
From the Paper In response to the Congressional mandate of strengthening aviation security, President Bush appointed John W. Magow to the newly created Transportation Security Administration (Nakashima A07). Magow ?a former director of the Secret Service and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (Nakashima A07)? was working with the Federal Emergency Management Agency as the executive director of the Office of National Preparedness (Nakashima A07). Magow, whose new title is undersecretary of transportation for security, was appointed with little opposition. He is now responsible for all civil aviation security functions as mandated by Congress."
Abstract The author of this paper shows that despite the publicity surrounding accidents involving aircraft, airtravel remains one of the safest modes of travel. The paper investigates all the issues involved in ensuring the safety of airtravelers, including the FAA, aircraft technology and instrumentation. The author also mentions an adoption of more stringent in-flight security standards after September 11.
From the Paper "The companies that manufacture airplanes also carry on continuous and intensive R & D. Boeing has resumed "very in-depth" Sonic Cruiser experiments, which were put on hold due to the September 11th attack. The aircraft industry is involved in constant design changes and different material utilization to improve the performance of aircrafts (Broderick, 2002). While advantages introduced by the Sonic Cruiser's could be used in today's current air traffic environment, more advanced ATC procedures or special flight-path considerations will be needed to have the plane perform as advertised closer to the ground. The planes equipped with the sonic cruisers, fast cruise speeds would be realistic today, because it will cruise at 45,000 feet and above, higher than any subsonic airliner."
Abstract This is a broad and far-reaching study on the relationship between tourism and air transport. In examining this relationship the paper looks at whether the deregulation of air transport has influenced the tourist destination countries in South Europe and to what extent and examines the impacts of deregulation on capacity and fares. The study also attempts to determine whether deregulation has has caused growth in the market and attempts to determine the integral relationship between the transport and the overall tourist experience. Finally, this paper studies the impacts of the tourism transport at the destination areas. Included with the paper is an extensive list of tables and figures.
Background
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Objectives of the Study
Limitations of the Study
Rationale for the Study
Overview of the Study
The Parallel Growth of Air Transport and Tourism
Structural differences
The Impact on Tourism
Effect of Split Charter/Scheduled Flights
Cyprus
UK
Turkey
Malta
Spain
Greece
Methodology
Research Design and Approach
Population and Sample
Collection and Tabulation of Data
Data Analysis Procedure
Reliability and Validity of the Data
Analysis of the Data
Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion
From the Paper "The current study uses both quantitative and qualitative methodological processes to analyze the issue and works to determine what deregulation of the air transport industry has done to the tourism industry. This is very important to those that work for air transport companies, and equally important to those that work in tourism. The conclusions that are found here will provide answers to potential problems that have been seen throughout the tourism industry for some time with a focus on the five specific countries that have been selected by the researcher for this particular purpose."
Abstract There is no question that safety measures substantially contribute to the cost of purchasing an aircraft, but the cost of safety only begins with the purchase price. Further costs are incurred in performing, logging, and storing records of maintenance procedures and routine safety inspections. This paper explains, however, that it is not possible to gauge the worth of a human life in terms of dollars, and those trusting their lives to experienced pilots and proven aircraft need to be assured that their choice to fly was a prudent one. This research shows that the effects of deregulation have created an enormous increase in airtravel, as well as private ownership of aircraft. The aviation industry continues to demonstrate significant progress in achieving better safety records and enjoys an enviable safety reputation. This paper provides a review of the literature to examine the human factors as well as the hardware involved in ensuring safe airtravel, followed by a description of the research methodology used. The results of the research are followed by a discussion of the issues identified and the conclusions reached as a result. The research project recommendations conclude the paper.
Acknowledgements
Abstract
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter
I Introduction
II Review of Relevant Literature and Research.
III. Research Methodology.
Research Technique
Research Design
Survey Population
Sources of Data
The Data Gathering Instrument
Pilot Study
Pretest
Distribution Method
Reliability
Validity
Treatment of Data and Procedures
IV. Results
V. Discussion
VI. Conclusions
VII. Recommendations
References
Appendixes
From the Paper "The first successful airplane flights did not take place until 1903. Yet today, airplanes affect the lives of people almost everywhere. Giant airliners carry passengers and cargo between the world's major cities in a matter of hours. Planes and helicopters rush medicine and other supplies to the farthest islands and deepest jungles. Farmers use airplanes to seed fields, count livestock, and spray crops. Aviation has also changed the way nations make war. Modern warfare depends on the instant striking power of jet fighters and bombers and the rapid supply capabilities of jet transports. Helicopters and other special aircraft have also been important in military aviation over the last 40 years. Hundreds of thousands of airplanes are used throughout the world. They range from small planes with room for only a pilot to enormous jumbo jets, which can carry hundreds of passengers. To produce and operate all these airplanes requires the skills of millions of workers in many countries--from the engineers who design the planes to the mechanics and pilots who service and fly them. Many government agencies also work to make flying safer and more dependable. All these activities together make up the aviation industry. The industry's two major branches are the manufacture of aircraft and aircraft components, such as engines, and the operation of airlines. The manufacture of aircraft, together with the manufacture of spacecraft, missiles, and related electronic equipment, is often called the aerospace industry."
Abstract This paper explains that the entire system of air traffic management is dependent upon the accountability of pilots on board and the air traffic controllers, who are dependent upon the data displayed and acquired from their computer screens, dials, and gauges simultaneously being ratified by their insights of past experience and pre-determined operational guidelines. The author points out that, although English is acknowledged as the international language in aviation history, many pilots present problems of dialects, accents, and interpretations, which have resulted in crashes. The paper relates that efficient communication will go a long way in guaranteeing secured airtravel; advanced technology is now being launched, and rules are being slackened to render the pilots and air controllers greater freedom. Includes a PowerPoint presentation.
From the Paper "The confusion resulting in misinterpretations of the terminologies lead to visualization of different objects other than those it indicates to. The lack of proficiency in the English language is noticed both among the Air Traffic Controller and the pilots the United States. However, it is not confined only to the foreign pilots. It is also essential in case of the US pilots flying across the other nations and facing the controlling crews of other nationalities, to effectively comprehend the short, disconnected and unintelligible English communications similar to the expectations of the proficiency in English by the foreign pilots. (Guest Editorial: Barriers to Effective Communication: Implications for the Cockpit) Moreover, the fact of deficiency of the foreign pilots in the English Language and their confinement to some of the standard aviation phraseologies must be acknowledged."
Tags: readbacks, confusion, english, misinterpretations, pilot
This paper explores how the tragic events of 9-11-01 and economic downturn effected, both negatively and positively, the gaming (casino gambling) industry which is big business in the United States.
Abstract This paper states that, immediately after September 11, the negative impact of that day's horrible terrorist attacks was felt in the gaming industry especially in casinos that are dependent on airtravel which decreased markedly. The author feels that, even during tough economic times, Americans tend to gamble more. The paper cites various stock analysis reports that are favorable to the industry.
From the Paper "Newer, alternative destinations for casinos, however, have helped other gaming industry companies. Slot machine companies like International Game Technology (IGT) have prospered since September 11. As Christopher Palmeri writes, ?Tough economic times often prompt states to seek new sources of revenue, such as casinos. The 1970s brought Atlantic City, and the early 1990s saw riverboat gambling spread in the Midwest. Casino gambling is now being considered in eight states, most notably New York, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky.?
Abstract This paper explores the use of animals in the U.S. armed forces. Making reference to the dolphins used in the Navy and the chimps used by the army, the paper shows how using these animals has helped advance the efforts of the two bodies. The chimps were specifically used in space and airtravel to explore the effects of short-term and long-term flights on the body, while dolphins in the Navy were useful in search and rescue, as well as for their sonar abilities.
From the Paper "Man's countless endeavors in the improvement of human civilization has encouraged him to further his research and studies about fields of study that are yet to be confronted by society. The United States government, in its attempt to increase its power and knowledge in different realms of life, has developed various programs geared towards the promotion of easier space flight and travel and improved "weaponry" for its war efforts as an example. These programs have been specifically formulated and implemented by the US government in its efforts to achieve enough knowledge about space travel and flight and an increased advantage over its enemies during times of war."
Tags: space, air, travel, nasa, monkey, animal, rights, war, sea
Abstract This paper addresses such questions as to why there were air strikes in 2001, how the strikes were settled and why President Bush became involved with the air strikes.
From the Paper "Almost every year the threat of airline strikes seem to happen. Approximately 97 percent of airline labor disputes will be solved without them going on strike. The airlines do not have good public relations. "In fact, the industry's very structure and the disagreement between labor and management about who runs the enterprise create persistent tensions even when the employees own the airline" (Freeman1). The pilot may believe that management is extraneous and themselves as indispensable."
