Abstract The paper explains that a bilateral airtransport agreement (ATA) is a convention signed by two countries by which they allow one another unrestricted civil aviation within their national boundaries. They grant each other rights to transport and take on and off, passengers, mail and cargo on their air route and territory. The paper discusses how such an agreement has both positive and negative effects, but the paper reveals that the positive outnumber the negative ones and make the contract beneficial for the development of the airline industry, economy, tourism and international relationships. The paper explains that the majority of the bilateral air service agreements must have been beneficial for both parties, since once they expired, new alliances were negotiated and formed.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Opinions and Arguments in Favor of the ATA
Rights Granted to the Parties by the ATA
Protection Issues
Unfair Competition
Monopoly
Protectionist Policies
War and Natural Calamities
Opinions and Arguments Against ATA
Restricted Pricing
Suggested Solution
Frequency on a Route
Offshoring jobs in the Airline Industry
Conclusions
From the Paper "There are two main reasons that support the forming of bilateral air transport agreements. First, the governments of the countries involved in the alliance believe that an international agreement and partnership could help protect themselves from numerous enemies and unfair competition.
"The second argument has a rather administrative nature and it regards the air transport companies and the travelers. In this order of ideas, the airline companies would be granted access to several airports and would be able to compete on the air services market by promoting lower prices and higher quality. Clients would be able to choose from a wider range of air transport providers the company that best met their financial and quality demands. This way, customers would be able to choose "the lowest prices that are not discriminatory.""
Abstract This is a broad and far-reaching study on the relationship between tourism and airtransport. In examining this relationship the paper looks at whether the deregulation of airtransport has influenced the tourist destination countries in South Europe and to what extent and examines the impacts of deregulation on capacity and fares. The study also attempts to determine whether deregulation has has caused growth in the market and attempts to determine the integral relationship between the transport and the overall tourist experience. Finally, this paper studies the impacts of the tourismtransport at the destination areas. Included with the paper is an extensive list of tables and figures.
Background
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Objectives of the Study
Limitations of the Study
Rationale for the Study
Overview of the Study
The Parallel Growth of AirTransport and Tourism Structural differences
The Impact on Tourism Effect of Split Charter/Scheduled Flights
Cyprus
UK
Turkey
Malta
Spain
Greece
Methodology
Research Design and Approach
Population and Sample
Collection and Tabulation of Data
Data Analysis Procedure
Reliability and Validity of the Data
Analysis of the Data
Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion
From the Paper "The current study uses both quantitative and qualitative methodological processes to analyze the issue and works to determine what deregulation of the air transport industry has done to the tourism industry. This is very important to those that work for air transport companies, and equally important to those that work in tourism. The conclusions that are found here will provide answers to potential problems that have been seen throughout the tourism industry for some time with a focus on the five specific countries that have been selected by the researcher for this particular purpose."
Abstract This paper studies the transport and tourism sector of Jamaica. It presents a strategic plan with emphasis on the ground and airtransport. It provides statistics and recommendations that would improve the transport sector and hence, promote tourism in the country.
Abstract This paper explains that the travel and tourism industry, one of the largest global industries, has experienced continuing growth in spite of terrorism which has hammered the aviation industry but not the travel and tourism industry. The author points out that that the factors associated with the emergence and promotion of travel and tourism are based on increased productivity, the psychological mobility typically associated with broadened horizons, and improvements in transportation and communications facilities. The paper stresses that the gap theories, such as dissonance and importance-performance that seek to explain how tourists first experience certain expectations concerning their travels and then relate these expectations to the reality of their experiences, may provide researchers with the most valuable insights into how and why people will seek out a destination in the first place and why they will either return there or not.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Analysis
Background and Overview
Expectancy Disconfirmation Paradigm (EDP)
Comparison Theory
Value-Precept Theory
Importance-Performance
Equity Theory
The Dissonance Theory
Contrast Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper "The reasons people travel are as limitless as the number of people involved, but there is a sufficient amount of commonality in their behaviors and rationale to develop some generalities concerning recreation behaviors. The explosive growth of tourism after World War II has clearly been dramatic; this growth has been largely the result of higher discretionary incomes, smaller family size, changing demographics, lower transportation costs, improved public health standards, infrastructure development, and until recently, more hospitable environments for tourists in many destinations, especially long-distance travel and tourism. There is also a clear "build it and they will come" quality to travel and tourism; before the advent of modern transportation systems, only the truly hearty and fearless might seek to explore new horizons in foreign countries. Today, though, things are much different, of course, and virtually any destination in the world in only a few hours away by air."
Abstract This paper begins with a brief history of the development of transportation, including land, air and sea travel. The link between transport and society are examined in terms of the effects on the economy, on business and on culture. Alternate forms of transport and new developments are outlined.
From the Paper "Technology, transportation and society are three areas that are interlinked. Technology determines what transportation will exist. The transportation that exists determines how we will live and the nature of our society also determines what transportation is created.
Transportation systems have developed considerably in the last century, giving us the society we currently have. The major development in the last few decades is in technology, with this likely to have a significant impact on future transportation systems.
The current transportation systems have also resulted in several problems, mostly related to environmental and quality of life issues. An understanding of these problems is likely to result in better planning and application of future transportation systems."
Analyzes the feasibility of a firm's plan to focus on moving perishable goods from source to market. Discusses costs, benefits, strategy, industry conditions and technology.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, 1999, $ 63.95
Abstract This research explores the feasibility of a business strategy option for an airtransportation firm that would cause the firm to focus almost exclusively on the airtransport of perishable goods from source to market.
From the Paper "A PERISHABLES STRATEGY
Introduction
This research explores the feasibility of a business strategy option for an air transportation firm that would cause the firm to focus almost exclusively on the air transport of perishable goods from source to market.
Justification For A Perishables Strategy
Speed and constant temperature are the keys to success in shipping time-sensitive goods like flowers, seafood, and fresh fruits (Cohan 10). As an example, on Valentine's Day the temperature in Minneapolis hovers around 20 degrees Fahrenheit; yet many of the city's residents want to celebrate the holiday with red roses that must be shipped from warmer climes. Roses for Minneapolis in mid-winter come primarily from Mexico. The Mexican border is ..."
Abstract The paper examines Toronto and Seoul, South Korea and their air pollution problems as a result of growth and development in their respective countries. The paper explains that the main source of air pollution is cars and trucks. The paper also discusses how Toronto has emphasized public transit as a solution, while the government of Seoul has emphasized new technologies and the development of new methods of public transportation.
Outline:
Introduction
Toronto
Seoul
From the Paper "The city of Toronto, with a population of 2.4 million people, lies at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area; an urban region with a total population of 4.6 million people. When environmental scientists and geographers discuss environmental questions for Toronto it is often necessary to take into consideration the megacity as a whole for issues of pollution and environmental impact are felt region-wide in such a sprawling urban environment. Indeed, as was noted in the urban cross-section that was conducted which compared and contrasted two urban forms in Toronto, the phenomenon of urban sprawl is a primary characteristic of the urban forms in Toronto. Moreover, transportation infrastructures were identified as key determinants of the urban forms in both the northern Toronto and downtown core areas, with the primary difference being the increased role of public transit in the downtown core."
Abstract This paper looks at how the major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes, and the burning of solid waste. It discusses how it has been been a growing problem since the advent of the Industrial Revolution and how the health problems from particulates and other pollutants in the air can be severe. In particular, it looks at how, since the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, the United States has made significant strides in the control of air pollution.
Outline:
What Is Air Pollution?
History of Air Pollution
What Substances Pollute Our Air?
Health Problems
Status of Air Pollution in the U. S. Today
Future Directions
Conclusion
From the Paper "By many accounts, ozone presents the most serious air quality problem in the United States. Ozone is not a particulate. However, particulates released into the atmosphere help create excess ozone. Ozone is formed by the interaction of ultraviolet rays of the sun and nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sometimes called hydrocarbons. This reaction is called "phytochemical" and cannot occur without polluting emissions from power plants, industrial plants, and internal combustion engines from cars, trucks, and construction machinery (Whitman, 2005). Other sources include commonly used chemical compounds such as those used in paint or in dry cleaning plants (Whitman, 2005). These problems are often aggravated by summer's heat, and contribute to thousands of deaths every year in the United States (Whitman, 2005). "
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the strategic role of transport in the economy. The critical function of transportation to the economy is explained. This paper discusses supply chain management as it relates to this issue. The writer looks at inter-modal and multi-modal transport. The subject matters of telecommuting, intelligent transport and alternative fuels are also discussed in this paper.
From the Paper "It is almost universally accepted that transport has played a predominant role in the economic development of all modern civilizations. Production and consumption on the scale and tempo of today would be inconceivable without a well-developed and operated transport system forming a vital link in supply chain management logistics. Transport plays a critical part in the success of any city's economy. Since the purpose of an effective ... "
Abstract This paper presents an overview of aviation and air cargo development in past two centuries, outlining the most important and interesting events from the historical point of view that contribute to the modern concept of air cargo. The paper examines the development of air cargo as an economics sector in the United States and provides basic facts about the company that is associated with modern civil aviation and remains to be its leader for more than 50 years, Boeing. The paper presents recent air cargo statistics, describes the situation in this industry in other countries, and offers some facts about the most powerful air freights of modern time produced by America's main competitor, the former Soviet Union.
From the Paper "In the era of globalization we can not imagine life without goods exchange, freight traffic and communication. Transportation and communication means guarantee the development of economics, its interaction with the rest of economical world community and simply form a part of modern civilization's infrastructure. Such progress was achieved only because of rapid technological and industrial growth which started only two centuries ago. The development of air cargo is tightly connected with the development of aviation as technology and as industry. Air cargo is one of the most popular applications of aviation achievements in modern world. That's why history of early air cargo is also related to history of aviation as moving objects by air was one of the oldest dreams of humanity."
Abstract The paper discusses the fact that polluting of water, regardless of the source whether from industry, agriculture or household, ultimately finds its way into the environment, causing substantial damage to health and to the environment. The paper relates that air pollution is responsible for premature deaths and includes pollution from road transport, industrial sources, forest and agricultural fires.
Outline:
Effects of Air and Water Pollution and Its Relation to Environmental Laws
Climate Change
Environmental and Emission Laws
Future Trends of Air and Water Pollution
Analysis of Future Trends
From the Paper "Figures of WHO reveals that air pollution is responsible for 8,00,000 premature deaths from lung cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases apart from the rising incidence of chronic bronchitis, severe respiratory illness, asthma, heart ailment and damage of lung function. The bulk of this pollution includes road transport, stationary combustion sources such as coal burning in households, industrial sources, incinerators and waste disposals, fossil fuels power plants and also non-combustion sources such as construction, quarrying and mining and lot of other sources such as forest and agricultural fires. The principal pollutants seen in the air we breathe covers particulate matter, PAHs, lead, ground level ozone, heavy metals, sulphur dioxide, benzene, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxides."
Abstract The vast numbers of tourists concentrated in particular regions across the world that have had an increasingly negative effect of destruction on the natural environment. This paper depicts the harmful effects of tourism in the regions of Prince Edward Island, Jamaica, and Kenya.
From the Paper "Prince Edward Island is one of the major tourist destinations in Canada. Tourists are attracted to the small province because of its numerous white sand beaches, its rolling pastoral landscape, and many tiny villages. Perhaps the reason it is best known is due to the stories by Lucy Maud Montgomery of Anne of Green Gables. Few of the tourists who grace the island every year realize the damages that they are having both directly and indirectly on the environment. The most visible sign of environmental and ecological changes are towards the many sand dunes on the island, among others environmental factors."
Abstract Since the Canadian government allowed deregulation of the airline industry in 1988, both Air Canada and Canadian Airlines have reported losses of more than $2 billion dollars annually. This paper investigates the planned merger and subsequent downsizing of the two companies by Onex corporation and examines the benefits of this business move for both companies and Canada's economy as a whole.
Table of Contents:
Canada's Passenger Airline Industry
Current Situations of Major Carriers
Why Canada Needs Change - Current Problems and Inefficiencies Solution: Merger
Who's Operating The Airlines
The Restructuring and Integration Process
Satisfying the Unions
Regulatory Controls
The Future for Shareholders, Employees and the Traveling Public
Table: Top Six Unions in the Canadian Airline Industry
From the Paper "Canada's airline industry has expanded and grown to serve domestic and international routes for more than sixty-two years. Air Canada (AC) and Canadian Airlines International (CAI), both national airlines of Canada, vie for the largest segment of the public air travel market. Domestically, these two airlines currently serve eighty percent (80%) of the market. Several regional airlines (feeder airlines) provide access to the lesser traveled parts of the nation and typically serve smaller niche markets. The largest regional operator is Westjet, serving twelve destinations from Thunder Bay, Ontario west to Victoria, B.C.. Other regional operators include Air BC, Air Ontario, Air Nova, Air Alliance, and Canadian Regional Airlines."
Tags:Air, Transport, Board, Konrad, von, Finckenstein, CAI
Discusses the feelings of the people of Mexico regarding tourism during the holiday, Day of the Dead, based on Lucero Morales Cano and Avis Mysyk's article "Cultural tourism, the State, and the Day of the Dead".
Abstract The paper is a review of an article entitled "Cultural tourism, the State, and the Day of the Dead", which the writer find particularly relevant to him because of his plans to observe Day of the Dead celebrations during an upcoming visit to Mexico. The paper then relates the emotions of the writer prior to an intended visit to Mexico during the "Day of the Dead " celebrations, noting that there is a conflict between the authorities who welcome tourism on this holiday and the civilians who see tourism as intrusion into a sacred historical ritual and oppose it being promoted as a tourist attraction. The paper also explains that the community is divided on the subject, as many recognize the economic importance of tourism.
From the Paper "These dynamics are evident in Mexico, particularly concerning how to mediate the conflict between the state and local residents over the tourist attraction that Day of the Dead festivities have become because of globalization. Cano and Mysyk have studied the problems which have arisen in the village of Huaquechula since 1988, when the one road leading into the village was paved for the benefit of tourists and the village became a part of the tourism circuit. In the process of studying the impact of these developments, Mysyk surveyed the villagers regarding their appreciation of the presence of tourists, their behavior, their feelings about tourists photographing or videotaping altars, and related issues."
Abstract The paper examines how a rise in tourism in certain areas eventually affects the environment of the place, causing problems. The paper uses several examples of places around the globe where tourists frequently spend their time and shows how this trend has affects the environment. Places and problems examined include soil erosion in the Philippines due the the higher demand for flush toilets, the death of seagulls in Lancaster, PA, who mistake mass parking lots for water sources and the loss of firewood in Nepal due to the over-use by hikers. The paper also explores ways in which the tourism industry can strive to become more environmentally friendly to avoid problems in the future.
From the Paper "Without a precise zoning guideline, residents and developers can cross usages and designs without regard to the bigger picture. For example, a resort could go in next to a farm. In Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, for example, a farm was sold and used for an outlet center. The farm had been located at a major intersection so it was a prime commercial site. However, now the traffic there is astronomical. The foot traffic has increased as well. The pollution level has been raised greatly. The number of accidents at that intersection has risen. Farmland has been lost."
