Abstract This paper looks at how the major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes, and the burning of solid waste. It discusses how it has been been a growing problem since the advent of the Industrial Revolution and how the health problems from particulates and other pollutants in the air can be severe. In particular, it looks at how, since the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, the United States has made significant strides in the control of air pollution.
Outline:
What Is Air Pollution?
History of Air Pollution
What Substances Pollute Our Air?
Health Problems
Status of Air Pollution in the U. S. Today
Future Directions
Conclusion
From the Paper "By many accounts, ozone presents the most serious air quality problem in the United States. Ozone is not a particulate. However, particulates released into the atmosphere help create excess ozone. Ozone is formed by the interaction of ultraviolet rays of the sun and nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sometimes called hydrocarbons. This reaction is called "phytochemical" and cannot occur without polluting emissions from power plants, industrial plants, and internal combustion engines from cars, trucks, and construction machinery (Whitman, 2005). Other sources include commonly used chemical compounds such as those used in paint or in dry cleaning plants (Whitman, 2005). These problems are often aggravated by summer's heat, and contribute to thousands of deaths every year in the United States (Whitman, 2005). "
Abstract This essay deals with a number of economic issues raised by air pollution in developed and developing countries. The general argument is that although developed and developing countries have similar issues to deal with when it comes to air pollution, there are also important differences between the developed and developing countries in terms of air pollution. The paper goes on to say that the first major difference was the sources of air pollution. In developed countries air pollution mostly comes from motor vehicles like car, trucks and SUVs. In developing countries air pollution is coming from industrialization, car use and increasing energy consumption. In both developed and developing countries air pollution is a by-product of other economic activities.
This paper examines the cause and effects of the air pollution problem in New Delhi as well as steps taken by the government to improve the city's air quality.
Abstract This paper focuses on the poor air quality in India's capital city New Delhi as well as the effects on its residents. Industry is by far the greatest contributor to New Delhi's poor air quality due to the emissions of suspended particulate matter, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Another major contribution to the air quality was the population explosion which resulted in a dramatic increase in automobiles. The writer of this paper details the changes implemented by the government to improve New Delhi's air quality which include requiring catalytic converters on all vehicles as well as the banning of all leaded gasoline. Another positive change involved the conversion of the gas and diesel fueled city buses to compressed natural gas.
From the Paper "As it is, the air quality in New Delhi has already had serious consequences for the city's population. "A World Bank study on the health effects of air pollution in Delhi revealed that [suspended particulate matter] in Delhi alone led to premature [the] death[s] of 7491 persons in 1991-1992." In fact, the problem is so widespread that India's privately-run Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute reports that "two of every five residents [of New Delhi] suffer from lung, liver, or genetic disorders due to highly-polluted air." Furthermore, children living in the city are up to three times more likely to suffer from respiratory disorders than children in other parts of India. However, those who are most at risk are people who work in close proximity to automobiles such as taxi drivers and blue-collar workers."
Tags: india, air, environment, fuel, leaded, diesel, government
A look at regulatory efforts for fighting air pollution in the Ann Arbor region of Michigan and the implications of these regulations for fighting air pollution throughout the country.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 5 sources, 2006, $ 151.95
Abstract This paper discusses the regulatory environment for air pollution and its control in the Ann Arbor region, noting that Ann Arbor is key to the fight against air pollution through the actions of the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in the city. The organization provides a technical review of the issue and of the technical and regulatory issues involved in controlling emissions to reduce air pollution.
From the Paper "Air pollution affects the Ann Arbor region as it does other major cities, and Ann Arbor is also key to the fight against air pollution through the actions of the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in the city. The organization provides a technical review of the issue and of the technical and regulatory issues involved in controlling emissions to reduce air pollution. This organization and researchers at the University of Michigan provide recommendations, expertise, and analysis for various governmental organizations at different levels across the country to address the regulatory issues raised by air pollution and the need to reduce it and its effects."
Abstract This paper relates that Joe Chidley, editor of "Canadian Business" magazine, paints a pessimistic outlook for Air Canada's potential future fiscal success in his article "Up in the Air". The author is critical of Chidley's method of analysis. The paper stresses that, although the United States and Canada share a common border, business statistics relative to various industries should not be utilized when making pronouncements as to the potential success or failure of that industry.
From the Paper "Joe Chidley, editor of Canadian Business magazine, paints a pessimistic outlook for Air Canada's potential future fiscal success in his article, "Up in the Air." While Childley relates a positive post-bankruptcy personal experience flying the Air Canada system, he does not offer any reasons for the airline becoming viable; instead he cites a litany of arguments pointing to the failure of both Air Canada and its parent company, ACE Aviation. Citing figures emanating primarily from the United States, Chidley notes the airline industry's consistent decline over the past several years and the added strain placed upon the industry post 9/11 with fears of terrorism via airliner. Though the United States and Canada share a border, business statistics relative to various industries should not be utilized when making pronouncements as to the potential success or failure of said industry."
Abstract The paper discusses the fact that polluting of water, regardless of the source whether from industry, agriculture or household, ultimately finds its way into the environment, causing substantial damage to health and to the environment. The paper relates that air pollution is responsible for premature deaths and includes pollution from road transport, industrial sources, forest and agricultural fires.
Outline:
Effects of Air and Water Pollution and Its Relation to Environmental Laws
Climate Change
Environmental and Emission Laws
Future Trends of Air and Water Pollution
Analysis of Future Trends
From the Paper "Figures of WHO reveals that air pollution is responsible for 8,00,000 premature deaths from lung cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases apart from the rising incidence of chronic bronchitis, severe respiratory illness, asthma, heart ailment and damage of lung function. The bulk of this pollution includes road transport, stationary combustion sources such as coal burning in households, industrial sources, incinerators and waste disposals, fossil fuels power plants and also non-combustion sources such as construction, quarrying and mining and lot of other sources such as forest and agricultural fires. The principal pollutants seen in the air we breathe covers particulate matter, PAHs, lead, ground level ozone, heavy metals, sulphur dioxide, benzene, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxides."
Abstract This paper examines the necessity and results of the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965. It looks at the affluent American culture of the 1960s that created emission control regulations, which generally requires that auto exhaust gases have to be cleaner than ambient air. The paper argues both sides of the age-old debate of the environment versus economics.
From the Paper "Since World War II, the growth of industrialization skyrocketed. The industrialization growth caused more and more environmental problems. In 1952, a London "fog" killed three thousand (3,000) people in a few days. (Sullivan, p.12) Los Angeles smoke and fog or smog was already famous among the American people during that time. Attention needed to be paid to the growing environmental problems."
Abstract This essay deals with how air pollution will significantly affect the next generation. Air pollution is connected to all kinds of problems, including global warming, which poses a serious threat to the environment.
Abstract This paper examines the rise of air medical and evacuation services in northern and remote areas of Canada after the 1920s, noting the continuing need for air ambulance services for Canadians living beyond road or rail networks. The paper points out that a great array of popular history material has been published in the last thirty years or so attesting to the romantic lives of bush pilots who indeed were often self-styled persons to occupy their own boundless milieu. The paper adds that a study of the many female bush pilots provides an intriguing aside on the women's history emphasis of the last decades that can lend an impression of women's domesticity that was by no means general. The paper concludes that, today, bush pilots retain their particular glamour, being well-equipped and trained with every benefit of modern communications and navigation, and still risking unusual, even ridiculous situations.
Outline:
Introduction
A Twentieth-Century Progression
Medical Services in Northern Canada
Saskatchewan
Training of Pilots and Medical Staff
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper "With socialized medicine as a federal Canadian addition, outpost infirmaries and hospitals were incorporated into local communities but some memoirs refer to occasional doctors who carried on in remote service, radioing instructions to particular flying companies or pilots; instructions arrived via Royal Canadian Air Force stations, too, in a continuing range of services that has by no means subsided with the advent of tele-medicine. Nursing were sometimes found in contract posts who might be better described today as physician's assistants in their obstetrical and orthopedic skills, not a few of them turning to surgery where there was no doctor and air evacuation impossible in time to save lives. (Larmour 1988) The international profession of nursing took considerable interest in the post-World War II decades in what Canadian provinces and territories were beginning to pioneer in nursing stations, infirmaries, public information on when to bring patients to radio dispatch centres and all else done and learned by practitioners in the course of northern or Arctic service. (Waller 1964, King 1968, Smith 1972)"
Tags: health, care, aviation, history, air, force, women
Abstract This paper discusses the increased level of air pollution in Houston, Texas that has occurred in recent years. The paper attempts to identify the extent of the air pollution problem in Houston today and what factors contribute to its existing levels. A review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature, as well as governmental sources, to this end is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "In their recent essay, "Perceived Risk and Citizen Preferences," Gerber and Neeley (2005) report that, "Harris County is located in the eastern part of the state and includes the City of Houston, one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United States, with correspondingly high levels of crime and the dubious honor of surpassing Los Angeles several years ago as having the poorest air quality in the country." In reality, though, Houston faces many of the same problems as other large cities around the world, but in some cases, these problems are especially pronounced there. For example, weather conditions in Houston are extreme, and the vast majority of businesses and many homes are air-conditioned out of necessity. According to Cherni (2002), "High temperatures and unbearable humidity reign for more than six months of the year; average temperatures range between 56oF and 76oF, with a relative humidity of 76 percent. To facilitate life in this climate, most buildings are air-conditioned. Houston's population cocoons itself from the heat within artificially air-conditioned buildings; indeed air conditioning has played an important role in the city." In fact, the hot season in Houston generally lasts from May until October, and while other large metropolitan areas also experience higher summer mean temperatures, there are few suffer from the inordinately high humidity levels that characterize the Houston area. In this regard, Thomas and Murray (1991) report that although commercial air conditioning was first introduced into Houston in 1923, the majority of business locations were equipped with air-conditioning following the end of World War II. According to Cherni, "Central air conditioning was an essential factor in attracting business to Houston. Homes, cars and schools were air-conditioned in the 1950s and 1960s, followed by other specialized sites in the 1970s. By the mid-1970s, the middle and upper classes had almost completely insulated themselves from the four to five months of severe summer heat and humidity."
Abstract This study examines the relationship between U.S. military success and the acquisition of airstrips in enemy territory. It puts forward that argument that U.S. military forces have the ability to successfully accomplish any mission when provided with access and control of foreign airfields. Successful military operations are dependent upon reliable air delivery technologies and airfield infrastructures. These infrastructures provide the communications support and manpower necessary to promote success in any climate. The study focuses on the ability of the U.S. military to project itself to any theater of war from any aircraft carrier. It also details the importance of securing military airstrips to enable deployment of additional troops and supplies. It links past military successes with such efforts.
Table of Contents
Abstract
List of Tables
List of Figures
Introduction
Problem Statement (or Purpose)
Significance of the Study
Assumptions
Limitations
Definitions (or Acronyms)
Review of Relevant Literature and Research
Research Methodology
Research Technique
Research Design
Survey Population
Sources of Data
The Data Gathering Instrument
Pilot Study
Pretest
Distribution Method
Reliability
Validity
Treatment of Data and Procedures
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Appendixes
Bibliography
Instrument or Survey or Sample Data
Proposed Project Schedule
Methodology Worksheet
From the Paper "In most cases airfields are developed near cities, which may provide key strategic locality for military personnel. The acquisition of airfields in the past has often meant the difference between success and failure. Oftentimes, air force personnel have no method of relief other than provided through air transportation. Supplies and personnel can be delivered thanks to modern technologies. Military strategic objectives revolve around the ability of personnel to seize or gain access to key installations. Operatives are no longer reliant upon the capability of ships. The center of gravity for military success has definitely become military airstrips. The recent military success in Afghanistan further supports the idea that the U.S. military dominates in the arena of airpower, and can adapt their operations to accommodate an airfield whether it is fully equipped or unprepared."
Abstract This paper discusses the problem of air pollution and climate change in Ontario especially Toronto. The author emphases the use of statistics especially correlations. The paper relates the adequacy of the Montreal Protocol and makes policies recommendations.
From the Paper "There is a great deal of evidence that human activity is resulting in serious pollution of the environment. It is clear that "industrial activities, such as mining, are directly responsible for much of the pollution that degrades the environment" (Ayres, 2003, p. 1). Industrial flows such as heavy metals are harmful to the environment, and when toxic substances build up, they can interfere with biological processes. The damage done by corporate pollution is particularly observed in air quality and in climatic change. The other main source of smog consists of automobile emissions."
Abstract This paper discusses the impact of air pollution on a person's health. The paper focuses primarily on the issue of respiratory ailments and heart disease in elderly patients. The paper also takes a look at indoor ventilation which can help in the prevention of such diseases.
From the Paper "The study found that current federal standards were not strict enough regarding air particles and grit in the environment. But what can elderly women, like the women do to improve their immediate health environment? Self-care is critical, even for the elderly, according to Orem's model of nursing which maintains: "a requirement for nursing exists when a person is unable to maintain for him/herself self-care action which is therapeutic in sustaining life and health," such as recovering from disease and injury or coping with the effects of an illness (Goodwin, 1990, citing Orem, 197 1: 1). In Orem's model, the nurse-patient relationship is unbalanced in the sense that the patient has a need for the nurse and the nurse must step in with her ability and meet that need but the relationship between nurse and patient is always complimentary. The nurse must act to help the patient assume responsibility for health-related self-care to the maximum degree possible (Goodwin, 1990)."
