Abstract
This paper comparatively examines the urban forms of Toronto and those of Beijing in the People's Republic of China. The paper particularly emphasizes the environmental problem of air pollution in both cities. The paper argues that the primary source of Beijing's air pollution today is the city's antiquated dependency upon coal as the fuel of choice for both personal use as well as for the vast industries situated near the city. The paper then shows how the solutions developed for the air pollution problem in Toronto could be applied to Beijing.

From the Paper
"One study of Beijing residents' views on this issue yielded surprising results. It was found that the citizens of Beijing proper (i.e., the core of the city, and its more built-up areas) were willing to pay a proposed tax for a reduction in the air pollution of Beijing. Interestingly enough, however, the case was very different in the suburban areas of the city, where residents were not as willing to pay for better air quality. It should be noted that there was a socio-economic difference between these two groups, with the urban dwellers being of a higher class and economic status. (Wang et al 196)."

Tags:coal, atmospheric, urban, automobile

Abstract
This paper comparatively examines the urban forms of Toronto and those of Beijing in the People's Republic of China. In particular, the paper emphasizes the environmental problem of air pollution. The concept of both urban areas being "megacities" is also discussed

From the Paper
"Toronto's politicians and civic leaders frequently refer to Toronto as being a "megacity". However, in comparison to the "megacities" of the global south which support populations and problems far in excess of Toronto's it may seem that a comparison and contrast of elements of the two urban forms would yield little of value. This being said, it may be argued that just as a comparison and contrast of distinct urban forms of the same city - Toronto - render interesting insights into the design of the urban environment, so too may similar comparative analyses of..."

Tags:cities, pollution, urban

Abstract
This essay deals with a number of economic issues raised by air pollution in developed and developing countries. The general argument is that although developed and developing countries have similar issues to deal with when it comes to air pollution, there are also important differences between the developed and developing countries in terms of air pollution. The paper goes on to say that the first major difference was the sources of air pollution. In developed countries air pollution mostly comes from motor vehicles like car, trucks and SUVs. In developing countries air pollution is coming from industrialization, car use and increasing energy consumption. In both developed and developing countries air pollution is a by-product of other economic activities.

Tags:economics, air, pollution

Abstract
This paper discusses the regulatory environment for air pollution and its control in the Ann Arbor region, noting that Ann Arbor is key to the fight against air pollution through the actions of the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in the city. The organization provides a technical review of the issue and of the technical and regulatory issues involved in controlling emissions to reduce air pollution.

From the Paper
"Air pollution affects the Ann Arbor region as it does other major cities, and Ann Arbor is also key to the fight against air pollution through the actions of the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in the city. The organization provides a technical review of the issue and of the technical and regulatory issues involved in controlling emissions to reduce air pollution. This organization and researchers at the University of Michigan provide recommendations, expertise, and analysis for various governmental organizations at different levels across the country to address the regulatory issues raised by air pollution and the need to reduce it and its effects."

Tags:michigan, air, pollution

Abstract
This essay deals with how air pollution will significantly affect the next generation. Air pollution is connected to all kinds of problems, including global warming, which poses a serious threat to the environment.

Tags:air, pollution, generation

Abstract
This paper examines air pollution and solutions such as hybrid vehicles that can restore cleaner air to the environment. The paper discusses government Environmental Acts and the effects of smoking, aerosol sprayers, paints, and other toxic substances. The paper includes an outline.

Tags:air pollution, hybrid vehicles, legislative, historical, fuel cell vehicles, clean air

Abstract
The paper looks at how health risk and air-pollution were assessed in Baltimore County and the world. The paper relates that risk factors appear significantly greater for small-particulate inhalants from diesel and coal burning power plants than "general" car exhaust but other health factors like exercise should not be ignored on account of toxic air potential.

From the Paper
"Thirteen million deaths could be prevented worldwide each year by improving the health of the environment, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) which released the first per-country analysis of the effects of environmental factors on human health. Low income countries are worst off when it comes to environmental health risks, but the health of citizens in all countries could benefit significantly from effective interventions (Herro, 2007, 2). In this vein, Baltimore County, Maryland ranks in the worst 90% in 4 categories of significant air pollutants of all cities in the U.S.; and..."

Tags:community, assessment, air, pollution

Abstract
This paper discusses how economics, politics and opinions of air pollution are inherently different, but are nevertheless intertwined and have many parallels. The paper looks at the Clean Air Act in the United States and the Canadian version. In addition, the paper addresses the Kyoto Protocol. The paper takes the view that it is not entirely possible to separate the three components mentioned.

From the Paper
"When discussing the complex issue of air pollution, many factors must be considered. Different disciplines can attempt to regard the topic with fairly unique perspectives but tend to overlap. The economics, politics, and worldviews/opinions of air pollution vary to suit the observer or audience. However, the three branches mentioned here are intertwined and usually have at least two discussed together at any time when referring to air pollution, if not all three. The difficulty is separating opinion from politics or politics from economics. While a consensus can generally be reached that "something" must be done..."

Tags:air, pollution, ecology

Abstract
This paper examines air pollution and hybrid vehicles in which the differing perspectives of various groups on the issue are brought together and a resolution is suggested.

From the Paper
"The problem of ethics and differing perspectives on the air pollution/hybrid vehicle issue is not one that has been fully and definitively resolved as yet. The multiple perspectives on the issue by government, big business, consumers, environmental groups, the technology sector and politicians, as well as their conflicting objectives and ethical approaches, leave air pollution a gray area. However, a resolution might be achieved if the multiple perspectives were distilled into one perspective that fits all of the different groups represented. Although not all concerns could..."

Tags:air pollution, Hybrid vehicles, ethics

Abstract
This paper examines the perspectives and ethics of the different parties concerned with air pollution, such as government, big business, environmentalists and consumers. The paper considers the hybrid vehicle issue.

From the Paper
"The major parties involved in the air pollution hybrid vehicle issue include government big business, consumers, environmental groups, the technology sector and politicians, each of which has a distinct-and often conflicting-perspective on the issue. "Air Pollution Battle Heats Up" for example is an article on the subject starts by saying; While an internal government report says current health standards that limit the amount of soot in the air aren't sufficient, big business and environmentalists are at odds over whether to toughen those rules.""

Tags:air pollution, perspectives, ethics, Hybrid