Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the object and substance of Immanuel Kant's 'Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics'. The writer notes that David Hume had declared metaphysics impossible, and Kant aims to recover this situation. The writer discusses that Kant concedes that final answers are impossible, yet metaphysics must still be engaged in order to lend structure and clarity to human thought. The essay goes on to outline Kant's efforts in this direction and his critique of pure reason.

From the Paper
"Just because the world is made intelligible, it does not imply that we do not meet contradiction. When we think we do so discursively, i.e. we think by making propositions in terms of subjects and predicates. But each subject we introduce is the predicate of another subject in an infinite chain. Because the absolute subject is beyond our grasp, discursive reason naturally leads to fallacies. In fact each truthful proposition will be found to have an equally valid refutation, which together is described as pairs of antimonies. Kant cites four cosmological antimonies, one of which places infinite space against a limited one. He goes on to show that there is no contradiction in essence. As originating in the judgment of perception space does indeed have a beginning. But as regards human understanding space is necessarily infinite. "

Tags:knowledge reason, future, categorical, imperative

Abstract
This paper summarizes several legislative acts that have been enacted to protect the environment. First, the paper gives an overview of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This law was intended to create a national policy that was aimed i at promoting aspects of environmental control and enhancement. Then the paper describes the Clean Air Act, which is the law responsible for improving the air quality in the country as well as the quality of the ozone layer. Next, the paper details the Clean Water Act, which is to maintain and ensure the balance and healthy status, as well as the biological and physical integrity, of the water in the US. Also included in the paper is a description of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, which is intended to provide the United States Environmental Protection Agency with the necessary protocols and authority to control the various aspects affecting hazardous waste in terms of its impact on the environment. The Superfund Act, which aims to protect individuals from toxic waste and more particularly from toxic waste sites that may affect communities, is also highlighted. The paper concludes with a discussion of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), which ensures the fundamental healthy and safe working standards and conditions for all working men and women.

Outline:
The National Environmental Policy Act
The Clean Air Act
The Clean Water Act
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
The Superfund Bill
The Occupational Safety and Health Act

From the Paper
"Therefore, public officials and organizations began to stress the importance of pollution guidelines, measures and policy that would positively affect the issue of clean air. This also took into account the way in which the growth of industry contributed to air pollution and increased the amount of toxic chemicals, such sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides released into the atmosphere. (Fleming and Knorr) The issue of air pollution from motor vehicles was also an aspect that led to studies and investigations that were to finally to be included in the Clean Air Act. There were a number of precursors to the present Clean Air Act, such as the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955. This was the first in a series of clean air and air quality control acts which are still in effect and continue to be revised and amended."

Tags:Superfund, National Environmental Policy Act, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act

Abstract
This paper features an activity that is aimed at a target audience of young teenagers. The activity will last for approximately 60 minutes. The proposed activity will teach students to think about how advertising and awareness is fostered for important events in their city. It will teach the students how decisions are made regarding major events at a decision-making level by forcing students to operate in a governmental, decision-making body. It will also encourage students to think both independently and in a team: their individual thoughts and creative ideas are encouraged, but they must also work with team members in acceptance of one particular idea for proposal.

From the Paper
"The following activity is aimed at a target audience of young teenagers. The activity will last for approximately 60 minutes. The proposed activity will teach students to think about how advertising and awareness is fostered for important events in their city. It will teach the students how decisions are made regarding major events at a decision-making level by forcing students to operate in a governmental, decision-making body. It will also encourage students to think both independently and in a team: their individual thoughts and creative ideas are encouraged, but they must also work with team members in acceptance of ..."

Tags:event, civic, duty, creative

Abstract
The following paper will look at how colonial policies were aimed at regulating and controlling women - and, especially, native women. Specifically, the next few pages will look at how the Dutch East India Company encouraged concubinage (with native women acting as the concubines) so that young employees could remain productive and even establish roots in the local area. Similarly, prohibitions on marriage were put in place to keep European women out while ensuring that employees could devote their full energies to the tasks at hand. Additionally, when European women finally did arrive, they were subjected to "protective laws" that really were meant to keep in place racial and gender reifications. Not to be forgotten, popular notions of eugenics inevitably emerged that cast native women in a subordinate, lowly light. Finally, the cult of domesticity was often ruthlessly imposed upon native peoples as a means of transporting European domestic sensibilities to the tropics.

From the Paper
How Colonial Practices/Policies Led to the Regulation of Gender Relations - with Attention Being Paid also to the Control of Native Women The following paper will look at how colonial policies were aimed at regulating and controlling women - and, especially, native women. Specifically, the next few pages will look at how the Dutch East India Company encouraged concubinage (with native women acting as the concubines) so that young employees could remain productive and even establish roots in the local area. Similarly, prohibitions on marriage were put in place to keep European women out while ensuring that employees could devote their full energies to the tasks at hand. Additionally, when

Tags:native, women, colonies

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the characteristics and habitat of the corn smut, and its effects on the corn plant. The writer describes a research experiment that was detailed in the article "Infection of maize leaves with Ustilago maydis prevents establishment of C4 photosynthesis," by Horst and Engelsdorfj, and which was aimed at analyzing the influence the smut had on photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in the infected maize plant. This experiment provides hard evidence that gall infected corn plants are much less productive than non-infected plants. Two graphs are included with the paper.

From the Paper
"The common corn smut or Ustilago maydis was said to be present in the Americas when white men first arrived. The taxonomy of the corn smut is: kingdom-Fungi, phylum-Basidiomycota, class-Ustilaginomycetes, order-Ustilaginales, family-Ustilaginaceae, genus-Ustilago, and species-maydis. The common corn smut is now located throughout the world in nearly every country that cultivates corn. Ustilago maydis feeds on C4 photosynthesizing plants but is most commonly found in sweet corn. There is no effective fungicide for the disease nor is there any natural resistance in sweet corn. However, hybrid species of corn such as Sweet Sue, Bellringer, Golden Security, Merit, Calumet, Capitan, Golden Gleam, Wintergreen, Midway, Pacer, Bravo, and Gold Cup seem to have some degree of tolerance for the smut."

Tags:teliospore, germination, chlorophyll, enzyme, sporidia, photosynthetic

Abstract
The paper considers nicotine addiction and interventions aimed at smoking cessation, and asserts that cognitive and behavioral strategies must recognize the degree of physiological and psychological addiction that impact on smoking cessation. The paper explains that smoking is a pervasive social habit and far more importantly produces a chemical pharmacological dependency on nicotine which is a drug as powerful in its effects as is cocaine or heroin (Dziegielewski & Eater, 2000). The paper addresses cognitive-behavioral therapy that can be highly effective but normally must be used in combination with pharmacotherapy and adequate social support. The paper also mentions that according to Walsh and Redman (1997), rates of quitting smoking and sustained success in quitting can be significantly increased through the use of cognitive-behavioral strategies.

From the Paper
"With nicotine addiction and interventions aimed at smoking cessation, cognitive and behavioral strategies must recognize the degree of physiological and psychological addiction that impact on smoking cessation. Smoking is a pervasive social habit and far more importantly produces a chemical pharmacological dependency on nicotine which is a drug as powerful in its effects as is cocaine or heroin (Dziegielewski & Eater, 2000). Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be highly effective but normally must be used in combination with pharmacotherapy and adequate social support. According to Walsh and Redman (1997), rates of quitting smoking..."

Tags:cognitive, behavioral, strategies

Abstract
This paper presents four lessons of cognitive strategies aimed at developing various forms of cognition. This paper lists some examples as imagery, processing levels, schema activation and guided questioning.
Each of these listed, contributes in some manner to learning. This paper further reviews these contributions.

From the Paper
"Cognitive strategies are identified as "internal processes by which learned select and modify their ways of attending, learning, remembering and thinking" (Gagne, Brigg, and Wagner, 1988, p. 67). Four lessons for using an objective strategy for different topics of conversation for developing cognition on those topics are detailed below. Lesson One This lesson is based on guided questioning and makes use of metaphor and analogy with prior knowledge and new knowledge. This approach is interactive, with the instructor asking a series of questions. The target group for this exercise is a high-school first-year English class learning to analyze poetry. The first line of a poem is given attention. The readers should predict the meaning of the entire poem from the first line. Then, the group should read the poem silently and aloud, perhaps twice. "

Tags:learning, strategies, metacognition

Abstract
This paper discusses how daily we are exposed to information from advertisements consciously and subliminally which influence our consumer life as well as our psychological and social values. It looks at how children are not immune to these influences and how since they are in the process of learning, they are more vulnerable and responsive to advertisement than adults are. It argues that the effect of the advertising aimed at children based on economical, legal, sociological and psychological facts, to indicate whether banning will bring benefits to protect them from deception and whether the increasing need for the protection of young citizens will cause governments and other bodies to consider more carefully about regulation issues.

From the Paper
"The IPA cites the report regarding the economic effects in Greece after banning television advertisement. A ban on Television toy advertisements caused a 40% decline in quality children's programming. Therefore and lower quality imports programmes replaced them. Furthermore, advertising has an important function in an open capitalist market society. A lack of competition caused by the banning of advertising results in decreased consumer choice, higher prices and impaired product development. For instance, in Sweden, where banning advertising aimed at children has already happened, toys are sold at prices 50% higher than in other European countries. Children do not have a wide variety of choices (IPA)."

Tags:behaviour, television, regulation, government

Abstract
In this study, the writer examines cigarette advertisements that are aimed at women. The writer argues that the advertisements represent harmful speech and should not have First Amendment protection. The writer looks at the move in the 1990's against cigarette advertising and discusses consumer needs rather than the needs of big business.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the proposition that cigarette advertisements aimed towards women are in violation of the First Amendment. The plan of the research will be to show that the ads represent an instance of harmful speech and that as such, they are in direct violation of the First Amendment guarantee to be protected from such speech."

Tags:first, amendment, cigarette, advertising

Abstract
This paper examines the current status of Native Americans respective to other populations in the United States. The paper first examines the statistics of Native American poverty, as well as conditions on reservations. Next, the paper looks at current policies and programs aimed to reduce Native American reservation poverty. Additionally, the paper provides recommendations for more effective programs.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
The Issue of Poverty on Native American Reservations
Policies and Programs
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Native American communities on reservations face significantly higher rates of unemployment, poverty, homelessness, hunger and food insecurity, and crime than the general population. Lack of funding, lack of access to government programs and struggles over jurisdiction all confound efforts to alleviate poverty on reservations. A higher level of tribal involvement in decision-making could help ensure that programs are more readily adoptable and include ease of use as a primary concern. Furthermore, a higher level of tribal involvement in decisions would help to ensure that the needs of the Native American population are met, rather than the agenda of the non-Indian federal government. Many policies and programs exist that specifically target Native American populations, and Native Americans also have access to the welfare programs available to the public at large. However, there are myriad issues plaguing these programs, including inadequate funding and barriers to accessibility. Reform is needed to address these issues and alleviate the chronic and severe poverty that Native Americans suffer."

Tags:population, community, funding, unemployment