Abstract
The paper explains that Artificial Intelligence (AI) simply refers to machines that can actually think, but the term also refers to the issue of how to demonstrate AI. In fact, the paper explains that it can only be inferred that other human minds can think as we do because we cannot observe this process or monitor it to see the action of the process in the way we can follow our own mind, and even in the latter case, the mechanisms at work are rarely clear to us. The paper looks at how ideas about this issue have been analyzed by philosophers and scientists in a variety of ways, from considering how to develop a machine that can emulate the complexities of the human mind to how to test such a machine to see if it can think or not.

From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence (AI) simply refers to machines that can actually think, but the term also refers to the issue of how to demonstrate AI. In fact, it can only be inferred that other human minds can think as we do because we cannot observe this process or monitor it to see the action of the process in the way we can follow our own mind, and even in the latter case, the mechanisms at work are rarely clear to us. Ideas about this issue have been analyzed by philosophers and scientists in a variety of ways, from considering how to develop a machine that can emulate the complexities of the human mind to how to test such a machine to see if it can think or not. Often, the issue has been addressed as a competition,..."

Tags:lucas, argument, ai

Abstract
The paper looks at how in his text "Minds, Brains and Programs", John Searle argues that artificial intelligence (AI) is not capable of performing any mental acts. The paper explains that Searle's argument is particularly aimed at what he calls "strong AI", an "appropriately programmed computer [that] really is a mind". The paper discusses how Searle builds an analogy between his ability to answer correctly the questions about the text in Chinese (which he does not understand) and AI's similar ability to answer simple questions about the text in English: both are based on the programs and not on understanding.

From the Paper
"In his text "Minds, Brains and Programs", John Searle argues that artificial intelligence (AI) is not capable of performing any mental acts. Searle's argument is particularly aimed at what he calls "strong AI", an "appropriately programmed computer [that] really is a mind". Searle builds an analogy between his ability to answer correctly the questions about the text in Chinese (which he does not understand) and AI's similar ability to answer simple questions about the text in English: both are based on the programs and not on understanding. Further Searle states that "intentionality... is...""

Tags:functionalism, response, searle

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of the poetry of Ai (born Florence Anthony) and how her work relates to violence, relationships and race. Among the poems analyzed are "Abortion" and "Finished."

From the Paper
"Florence Anthony was born in 1942 in Albany, Texas. She wrote under the pseudonym of Ai, until she had her name legally changed. The use of violence by the poet Ai (Japanese for "love" shows the plight of romantic relationships in contemporary times due to the struggle regarding power and poverty, especially in African-American culture. In the balance to achieve power and prestige in this society, African-American men are warped into accepting that women must be both subservient to his will and secondary in his life. Women that are strong must be beaten down and broken like an animal. The two genders spend their lives in conflict until death- of either body or spirit."

Tags:African-American, Penis, Envy, masculinity

Abstract
This paper covers all the main aspects of Artificial Intelligence in medicine. The author gives lavish examples of systems in use. The author then covers controversies involving artificial intelligence in medicine.

From the Paper
"From the very earliest moments in the modern history of the computer, scientists have dreamed of creating an 'electronic brain'. Of all the modern technological quests, this search to create an artificially intelligent (AI) computer system has been one of the most ambitious and, not surprisingly, controversial. Artificial Intelligence is a broad topic including many different fields, from machine vision to expert systems. Artificial Intelligence or AI can be described as the attempt to build machines that think and act like humans, and that are able to learn and to use their knowledge to solve problems on their own. The element that is common in the fields of AI is the creation of machines that can "think." "

Tags:AI

Abstract
AI is intelligence coming from or exhibited by an artificial device. This paper highlights the history of AI, where is stands today, and the expectations for the future. The paper addresses the complex morality and ethical problems that arise from the creation of an "intelligent machine". Also highlighted are the possible uses for thinking machines that we can conceptualize in society today.

From the Paper
"Even today there are some very compelling advancements being made in the fields of robotics. Take for instance the robot dubbed ASIMO (Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility) who is the culmination of more than two decades of research and development by the American Honda Motor Company. Honda described ASIMO as a humanoid robot and touts some of his functions as follows: "ASIMO's abilities to walk smoothly, climb stairs and recognize people's voices and faces will enable ASIMO to easily function in our world and truly assist humans." (Inside ASIMO). With many of its functions created with human physiology in mind ASIMO is able to grasp and manipulate objects with varying degrees of force. Still, for all of these amazing features it must be noted that ASIMO is not a true example of artificial intelligence in action. He is, however, a very good beginning with many of the features and capabilities we would expect from a robot companion."

Tags:Rene, Descartes, computer, HAL, 9000, ASIMO

Abstract
This paper discusses the creation of an expert system to determine what type of computer to buy and which particular computer fulfills all the requirements.

From the Paper
"The question is, can machines think? The answer is complicated by the further issue of how to define thinking. While it is clear that machines can think in certain terms, it is less certain that machines can think in the way human beings do. In recent years, these issues have been analyzed by philosophers and scientists in a variety of ways, from considering how to develop a machine that can emulate the complexities of the human mind to how to test such a machine to see if it can think or not. Often, the issue has been addressed as a competition, such as that between human chess champion Gary Kasparov and a chess-playing computer known as Big Blue. The fact that Kasparov won the most points in the six matches does not change the fact that the computer almost won--does this mean the computer can think?

There is no doubt that computer technology has improved..."

Abstract
The paper relates that many people view computers as intelligent machines, though in fact they are not intelligent at all but are only able to perform certain prescribed operations at a high rate of speed. The paper explains that artificial intelligence (AI) means much more than this, simulating the ability to think and to reason, and if achieved as intended, AI should be able to pass the Turing test, a way of judging whether one is dealing with a human being or a computer. The paper discusses how research into the development of AI is ongoing, and aspects of this research are incorporated into video games in an effort to make the games more real and to simulate intelligence as part of the process of creating a different sort of reality.

From the Paper
"Many people view computers as intelligent machines, though in fact they are not intelligent at all but are only able to perform certain prescribed operations at a high rate of speed. Artificial intelligence (AI) means much more than this, simulating the ability to think and to reason. If achieved as intended, AI should be able to pass the Turing test, a way of judging whether one is dealing with a human being or a computer. Research into the development of AI is ongoing, and aspects of this research are incorporated into video games in an effort to make the games more real and to simulate intelligence as part of the process of creating a different sort of reality."

Tags:ai, video, games

Abstract
This work discusses the current debate on AI, offers a brief illumination of the state of AI technology and discuss questions regarding what the future may hold for Ai and the need or lack of need for concrete legal designations for AI technology. It is clear that, as a theoretical concept, AI debates ask more questions than they answer and this is clearly demonstrated in this paper, but the main question considered is the following: "What rights should AI being have and based on what characteristics of being?".

From the Paper
"The technology that makes it possible for PINO to learn and develop a personality based on the "treatment" the owner provides it is not the least bit unlike raising a real human child and though at its current state it is unlikely that anyone would think to develop a system of laws that govern its acceptance a "living" being with rights and privileges does not mean that this is not at all possible in the future, or that eh children who "train/rear" or care for PINO may not be the next generation of scientists fascinated with making robot toys and tools even more lifelike and with even greater capabilities to learn and grow into sentient beings."

Tags:emotion robots, social responsibility, pino humanoid

Abstract
The writer of this paper defines the terms for both artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems (ES) which to a limited degree is currently making its way towards the fields of accounting and auditing. This paper explores the lingering doubt and disagreement over whether AI truly exists or if it's merely a highly sophisticated ES application. This paper contends that AI's history is traceable backward through the millennia to the point where humankind first walked upright and attempted to make tools an extension of themselves.
Topics covered in this report include:
Thesis Statement
Defining the Topic
The Artificial Intelligence Side
Prehistory
The Modern Birth of AI:
Enter the Pseudo Science of Psychology
The Chinese Room
Can Computers Be Creative?
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The technological advances and particularly their rapidity in the just past half century - and particularly the last decade - began as an effort to build a digital computer for military use. This use was, to not only help in the guidance of munitions but also to help decode secret messages coded by several clever schemes all created within the minds of men and women. The Nazi Germany's Enigma Machine is the classic example and indeed the code was broken, however by intelligent personnel rather than a machine, digital or otherwise. Ironically, the Japanese military codes were broken early on in the war by the U. S. Navy Code-breakers located in Pearl Harbor."

Tags:computers, technology, history, software, programs, programing, accounting