Abstract This paper covers all the main aspects of Artificial Intelligence in medicine. The author gives lavish examples of systems in use. The author then covers controversies involving artificial intelligence in medicine.
From the Paper "From the very earliest moments in the modern history of the computer, scientists have dreamed of creating an 'electronic brain'. Of all the modern technological quests, this search to create an artificially intelligent (AI) computer system has been one of the most ambitious and, not surprisingly, controversial. Artificial Intelligence is a broad topic including many different fields, from machine vision to expert systems. Artificial Intelligence or AI can be described as the attempt to build machines that think and act like humans, and that are able to learn and to use their knowledge to solve problems on their own. The element that is common in the fields of AI is the creation of machines that can "think". "
Abstract This paper is an analysis of the poetry of Ai (born Florence Anthony) and how her work relates to violence, relationships and race. Among the poems analyzed are "Abortion" and "Finished".
From the Paper "Florence Anthony was born in 1942 in Albany, Texas. She wrote under the pseudonym of Ai, until she had her name legally changed. The use of violence by the poet Ai (Japanese for "love") shows the plight of romantic relationships in contemporary times due to the struggle regarding power and poverty, especially in African-American culture. In the balance to achieve power and prestige in this society, African-American men are warped into accepting that women must be both subservient to his will and secondary in his life. Women that are strong must be beaten down and broken like an animal. The two genders spend their lives in conflict until death- of either body or spirit."
Abstract This work discusses the current debate on AI, offers a brief illumination of the state of AI technology and discuss questions regarding what the future may hold for Ai and the need or lack of need for concrete legal designations for AI technology. It is clear that, as a theoretical concept, AI debates ask more questions than they answer and this is clearly demonstrated in this paper, but the main question considered is the following: "What rights should AI being have and based on what characteristics of being?".
From the Paper "The technology that makes it possible for PINO to learn and develop a personality based on the "treatment" the owner provides it is not the least bit unlike raising a real human child and though at its current state it is unlikely that anyone would think to develop a system of laws that govern its acceptance a "living" being with rights and privileges does not mean that this is not at all possible in the future, or that eh children who "train/rear" or care for PINO may not be the next generation of scientists fascinated with making robot toys and tools even more lifelike and with even greater capabilities to learn and grow into sentient beings."
Tags: emotion robots, social responsibility, pino humanoid
This paper examines the modern day debate that questions whether artificial intelligence (AI) is a reality or merely an extension of expert systems (ES) application programs.
Abstract The writer of this paper defines the terms for both artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems (ES) which to a limited degree is currently making its way towards the fields of accounting and auditing. This paper explores the lingering doubt and disagreement over whether AI truly exists or if it's merely a highly sophisticated ES application. This paper contends that AI's history is traceable backward through the millennia to the point where humankind first walked upright and attempted to make tools an extension of themselves.
Topics covered in this report include:
Thesis Statement
Defining the Topic
The Artificial Intelligence Side
Prehistory
The Modern Birth of AI:
Enter the Pseudo Science of Psychology
The Chinese Room
Can Computers Be Creative?
Bibliography
From the Paper "The technological advances and particularly their rapidity in the just past half century - and particularly the last decade - began as an effort to build a digital computer for military use. This use was, to not only help in the guidance of munitions but also to help decode secret messages coded by several clever schemes all created within the minds of men and women. The Nazi Germany's Enigma Machine is the classic example and indeed the code was broken, however by intelligent personnel rather than a machine, digital or otherwise. Ironically, the Japanese military codes were broken early on in the war by the U. S. Navy Code-breakers located in Pearl Harbor."
Abstract This paper examines Searle's original argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence, or what he calls intrinsically intelligent AI. This argument was presented in "Minds, Brains, and Programs" which contains his original formulation of the Chinese Room example and many others. This paper explains Searle's original view (which has been slightly modified in recent years) against the possibility of strong AI. It then examines the serious shortcomings in his argument, namely his flagrant assumption that intelligence is a bio-chemical property, something that he barely mentions in his text. Holfstadter later called this view "bio-chauvinist." The writer examines what it is Searle is trying to say, where his bio-chauvinism comes into play, and what the end result is.
From the Paper "In his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs," John R. Searle attempts to establish the impossibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI), that an "appropriately programmed computer" can have genuine mental states. The validity of strong AI implies a direct correspondence between mental states and formal processes, and as such, insists that a properly defined program is sufficient for producing understanding and intentionality in the thing instantiating that program. Searle refutes this claim, arguing that a program could not be sufficient for producing intentionality because for any program it is possible to instantiate it in something without producing mental states in the thing. In elucidating this central point, Searle derives a distinction between "intrinsic" intentionality and "derived" intentionality. He defines intrinsic intentionality as the sort present in things that clearly have mental states, such as people. Searle distinguishes this from derived intentionality, which he claims is ascribed by those with intrinsic intentionality to things that "perform the sort of functions that we perform on the basis of our intentionality," but that do not actually possess mental states or a genuine intentionality. With this distinction, Searle's claim that programs are not sufficient, or even necessary, for producing intentionality becomes a claim that mere things - namely computers for our purposes - can only have derived intentionality and never can possess intrinsic intentionality. Searle's argument, pushed by his example of the Chinese room, at first seems to raise an alarming challenge to AI proponents, but on closer examination it becomes clear that the thrust of Searle's claim relies on some highly debatable intuitions and assumptions he makes a priori. In this paper I will argue that Searle's conclusion is entirely dependent these contestable assumptions and intuitions. I will then attempt to construct what Searle's response to this objection would likely be, and I will conclude by discussing the significance of this debate with regards to AI and all of cognitive science."
Abstract This essay discusses current AI development in the US. It explores how AI development influences our society. The key question explored is whether or not there is a possibility that aIl will eventually replace human labors. The paper argues that there are negative trade-offs to this scenario. .
Tags: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY / SCIENCE HISTORY (DISCOVERIES, THEORIES), artificial intelligence
Abstract AI is intelligence coming from or exhibited by an artificial device. This paper highlights the history of AI, where is stands today, and the expectations for the future. The paper addresses the complex morality and ethical problems that arise from the creation of an "intelligent machine". Also highlighted are the possible uses for thinking machines that we can conceptualize in society today.
From the Paper "Even today there are some very compelling advancements being made in the fields of robotics. Take for instance the robot dubbed ASIMO (Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility) who is the culmination of more than two decades of research and development by the American Honda Motor Company. Honda described ASIMO as a humanoid robot and touts some of his functions as follows: "ASIMO's abilities to walk smoothly, climb stairs and recognize people's voices and faces will enable ASIMO to easily function in our world and truly assist humans." (Inside ASIMO). With many of its functions created with human physiology in mind ASIMO is able to grasp and manipulate objects with varying degrees of force. Still, for all of these amazing features it must be noted that ASIMO is not a true example of artificial intelligence in action. He is, however, a very good beginning with many of the features and capabilities we would expect from a robot companion."
Abstract This paper traces the history and development of artificial intelligence, explaining where it has been successful, to what extent it has been successful, its limitations and how the scientific community has attempted to overcome those limitations. The paper also addresses the question as to why we bother to create AI and the implications for mankind of AI technology as it evolves and advances.
From the Paper "Over the past several decades, computer technology has made incredible strides. Moreover, there can be little doubt that in years to come, there will be further advances in speed, design, capacity, and memory. There is something almost frightening about the pace of development. Already computers are capable of performing a wide gamut of tasks previously excluded to the province of human thinking. However, the question of whether a mechanical device could ever be said to think "o perhaps even possess emotions "o is not really a new one. Yet it has delivered a new impetus to the world, a sense of urgency, by the advent of the modern computer. The question touches upon philosophical issues. What does it mean to think or feel? How does the mind work?"
Abstract This paper discusses the position of the Christian Church in relation to artificial intelligence. The paper begins by exploring the issues concerning the progress of artificial intelligence (AI), which has made incredible advances throughout the past couple of decades. It then discusses the potential implications of AI for the human race, and what, if any, threats it poses towards Christianity.
From the Paper "Throughout two thousand years of church history, believers in Christianity have tried, often over-zealously, to defend and protect the Christian faith. Throughout each era of world history contemporary issues have been addressed, challenged, or defended, with the intent and worthy purpose of guarding Biblical truth, moral and social standards, and a 'correct' image of God, through the outworking of personal faith in the believers life, and through the Church's position on these various issues."
"This, however, has often led to confusion and misunderstanding among those who do not believe, due to the often mis-informed opinions by those within the Church, who sometimes do not have a full understanding of the subject matter."
Abstract Discusses the ability of robots, biological computing labs and biocomputing movement, Sony and Aibo and other AI pets, Internet-enabled robots in existence, humanoid robots, and Honda Corporation's ASIMO, an autonomous walking robot.
From the Paper "The March 16, 2002 issue of The Economist makes reference to the infamous thinking computer "HAL" that was introduced in 1969 in the Stanley Kubrik film "2001: A Space Odyssey". It declares: "2001 has come and gone, and there is still no sign of a HAL-..."
Abstract This paper discusses the issue of a moral person in the films "AI" and "Solaris." The paper looks at whether the characters in each film, David and Rheya, are moral beings or just a higher form of an artificially intelligent mechanical being.
From the Paper "At issue herein is the question of whether or not two characters presented in contemporary film are actual moral persons as opposed to some higher form of artificially intelligent mechanical being. The characters are David, the robotic child in Steven Spielberg's "AI" and Rheya in Andrei Tarkovsky's and James Cameron's "Solaris". It will be argued that, if one defines moral personhood as the capacity to recognize moral choices and to choose morally good' alternative behaviors, both of these characters represent a humanoid-like morality that is..."
Abstract The paper analyzes Ai Qing's poem "Dayanhe-My Wet-Nurse" and Yukio Mishima's short story "Patriotism." The paper demonstrates how the authors both use the metaphor of a male-female relationship to explore themes of national identity and the relationship of the individual to the state.
From the Paper "Introduction: Yukio Mishima's short story "Patriotism" and Ai Qing's poem "Dayahnhe-My Wet-Nurse" both employ the device of a male-female relationship as a metaphor for love of a country. In each work, the authors construct their notion of Japanese and Chinese nationhood, though those constructs are quite different. In Windschuttle's commentary on Edward Said's "Orientalism" the author notes that; "The construction of identity in every age and every society involves established opposites and others.""
Tags: China, Japan, war, emperors, poor, poverty, status quo, wealth, government, domestic, foreign, other
Abstract The paper compares and contrasts Ursula Le Guin's characters Ai and Estraven in "The Left Hand of Darkness" with Mark Twain's characters Huck and Jim in "Huckleberry Finn". The paper argues that while both sets of characters seem very different from one another, their similarities and ability to complement and complete one another become apparent as the novels progress.
From the Paper "In Ursula Le Guin's science fiction novel The Left Hand of Darkness, the main character, and frequent first-person viewpoint character, is Genly Ai a young, innocent, and seemingly inexperienced envoy, who also happens to be black. Ai has been sent alone, from Earth, to an unfamiliar perpetually cold and snowy planet called Gethen, meaning (appropriately) "Winter". As Le Guin tells us, of this freezing planet, and, by implication, the values of those who live there: "The death-sentence is rare in Karhide. Life on Winter is hard to live and people there generally leave death to nature or to anger, not to law" (p. 41)."
Tags: complement, complete, Ai, Huck, Estraven, Jim
Abstract The paper discusses Lucas' famous argument in his essay "Minds, Machines and Godel" that human thought cannot be copied by a computer. More specifically, the paper discusses Lucas' finding that true AI can never be achieved because there is always a statement that a machine program cannot recognize and a human mind can. The paper concludes that human beings do not think mechanistically unless they set out to do so, and instead thought and human consciousness are shaped by emotions as well as logic.
From the Paper "Artificial Intelligence (AI) simply refers to machines that can actually think, but the term also refers to the issue of how to demonstrate AI. In fact, it can only be inferred that other human minds can think as we do because we cannot observe this process or monitor it to see the action of the process in the way we can follow our own mind, and even in the latter case, the mechanisms at work are rarely clear to us. Ideas about this issue have been analyzed by philosophers and scientists in a variety of ways, from considering how to develop a machine that can emulate the complexities of the human mind to how to test such a machine to see if it can think or not. Often, the issue has been addressed as a competition, such as that between human chess champion Gary Kasparov and a chess-playing computer known as Big Blue. The fact that Kasparov won the most points in the six matches does not change the fact that the computer almost won--does this mean the computer can think?"
An examination of appreciative inquiry - the art and practice of asking questions that strengthen a system's capacity to apprehend, anticipate and heighten positive potential - including history, methods, case studies and a review of current literature.
Abstract This paper examines the practice of appreciative inquiry or AI. AI is defined, its origin examined and a review of available literature covered. Case studies of organizations using AI approaches to facilitate positive change are explored next. Finally suggested research in AI as well as where AI would be useful are explored.
From the Paper "AI is derived from the theory of social constructionism, and recognizes that human systems are concepts of human imagination. Because human systems are concepts of the imagination then they ought to be able to change with the speed of the human imagination, (Watkins, Mohr).
"Once organization members shift their perspective, they can begin to invent their most desired future, "(Watkins, Mohr). Other definitions of AI include; "...a paradigm of conscious evolution geared for the realities of the new century; ...as offspring and heir to Maslow's vision of a positive social science; as a radically affirmative approach to change which completely lets go of problem-based management and in so doing vitally transforms strategic planning, survey methods, culture change, merger integration methods, approaches to TQM, measurement systems, socio-technical systems, etc.," (Cooperrider and Whnitney)."
