Abstract
This paper introduces Nazir Ahmad's landmark novel, "The Bride's Mirror", championing Indian Muslim female education, that is thought to be the first novel in the Urdu language, set in Shajahanabad, Old Delhi, in the 1860s. The paper provides notes on Ahmad's career, ideas on purdah, why education was needed by women and endorsement of future service roles for women. The paper also addresses the numbers of Indian Muslim female doctors, social workers and educators.

From the Paper
"Amidst much ignorance of Muslim culture in South Asia, the case of Nazir Ahmad (1836-1916) and the first novel in the Urdu language provide a fascinating sidelight. "Mirat-ul-Urus" was one of a series of reformist novels endorsing female emancipation led by female education. Its author, Nazir Ahmad, looked about his often displaced community and demanded that young women be educated towards their greater independence and ability to serve others."

Tags:nazir ahmad, bride's mirror, female muslim ed

Abstract
The paper details the life of Nazir Ahmad - principally his early life. Here, the focus is upon his origins, his upbringing and the forces that apparently shaped his intellectual thought - chiefly because these appear to be the factors that most influenced his literary work. To be specific, the paper devotes a sizable amount of time and space to outlining how Islam and his apparent admiration for Sir Syed Ahmad Khan made him receptive to the idea of creating a new kind of literature.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at Nazir Ahmad and at his contribution to South Asian literature - a contribution that appears to be quite substantial. The ensuing several pages will begin first by detailing the life of Nazir Ahmad - principally his early life. Here, the focus will be upon his origins, his upbringing and the forces that apparently shaped his intellectual thought - chiefly because these appear to be the factors that most influenced his literary work. To be specific, the paper will devote a sizable amount of time and space to outlining how Islam and his apparent..."

Tags:nazir, ahmad, art

Abstract
This paper discusses the modernism of Islamist philosopher and religious reformer, Sayyid Ahmad Khan and its place in the religious history of Islam. The paper provides a background of Ahmad Khan's life. It then discusses his contributions to Islam and examines the nature of the modernist reformist ideology of Sayyid Ahmad Khan in the 19th century.

Table of Contents:
Biography
Sayyid Ahmad Khan's Contributions to Islam

From the Paper
"In conclusion, the one Islamic modernist explored in this study reflects the growing sense of secularization of Muslim society in the 19th century. Although the likes of Sayyid Ahmad Khan were not able to create a strong enough educational resistance to religious dominance in their own cultures; he was able to counteract a complete control of the British imperialism that used the ignorance of religious dogma within Indian communities. By invoking greater secular program and institutions to help teach science and technology, Sayyid Ahmad Khan was able to create a foundation for the transformation of Islamic society. By using education as a platform to change the thinking patterns of Muslims bent on orthodox Islam, this teacher helped to implement changes that integrated religion into the new logic and reasoning of western thought."

Tags:Indian, Muslim, secular

Abstract
The paper explains how Eqbal Ahmad saw the Kashmir conflict as the last aspect of the terrible Partition violence of 1947 to produce India and Pakistan. The paper refers to the hysteria of nationalism in both countries, but with a section noting that women have forever suffered as in 1947, or today in Kashmir, as policy-makers around the world debate what to do with a South Asian nuclear flashpoint area. The paper refers to Khushwant Singh/Shauna Singh Baldwin and the commemorative Eqbal Ahmad film.

From the Paper
"The 1947 Partition of India involved unspeakable violence. For 50 years, few people wished its dark months of massacres, separated families and communities,and what was for many complete economic ruination. In the film, "Crossing the Lines," Pervez Hoodbhoy and Zia Mian, scholars and activists inspired by the example of Eqbal Ahmad (1933-1999) explained what can be hysterical divisions between Muslim and Hindu versions of history and of the future, too. Ahmad's approach to history and sectarianism in South Asia will continue to inspire all those willing to examine the roots of the Hindu-Muslim divide and how it has become tangled, disastrously, with what should be secular nationalism."

Tags:eqbalahmad, religion/politics, gender

Abstract
The paper explores the one Islamic modernist that reflects the growing sense of secularization of Muslim society in the 19th century. The paper discusses how although the likes of Sayyid Ahmad Khan were not able to create a strong enough educational resistance to religious dominance in their own cultures, he was able to counteract a complete control of the British imperialism that used the ignorance of religious dogma within Indian communities.

Tags:islam, education, reform

Abstract
This paper discusses and examines the evolution of Shari'a and its development from its Qur'anic usage to the time of Ibn Taymia. The paper examines the roots of Islamic law, the prophet Muhammed, political and religious schisms within Islam and important figures in the religion.

Introduction
Pre-Islamic Law
Muhammed the Law Giver
Early Qu'anic Law
Political Schisms and Islamic Law
What is Customary and Right
Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Islamic law had its roots in pre-Islamic Arab society. This society and its law showed both profane and magical features. The law was magical in so far as the rules of investigation and evidence were dominated by sacral procedures, such as divination, oath, and curse; and it was profane in so far as even penal law was reduced to questions of compensation and payment. There are no indications that a sacred law existed among the pagan Arabs; this was an innovation of Islam. The magical element left only faint traces, but Islamic law preserved the profane character of a considerable portion of penal law. It also preserved the essential features of the law of personal status, family, and inheritance as it existed, no doubt with considerable variations of detail, both in the cities and among the bedouin of Arabia."

Tags:theology, mecca, religious, reformer, medina, ruler, lawgiver, arabian, tribal, society

Abstract
This paper tries to determine the compatibility of Islam and democracy. It compares the works of three Muslim authors in the West, John L. Esposito, Ahmad Moussalli, and Abdulaziz Sachedina. It explains that the main objective for this comparative analysis is to gain a better understanding of how Western Muslim scholars conceptualize and utilize the concept of democracy in an Islamic framework.

From the Paper
"In order to determine the compatibility of Islam and democracy, I have compared the works of three Muslim authors in the West, John L. Esposito, Ahmad Moussalli, and Abdulaziz Sachedina. My main objective for this comparative analysis is to gain a better understanding of how Western Muslim scholars conceptualize and utilize the concept of democracy in an Islamic framework. In Islam and Democracy, John L. Esposito offers his readers the opportunity to acquire a better understanding of how democratic thought and practices can be incorporated into Islamic politics by examining the scope of democratic practices inherent within Islam, and discussing how the secular and the religious forms inform and reinforce the political discourse of democracy. In terms of how Islam can be incorporated in ..."

Tags:islamic, democracy, forms

Abstract
In this paper, the two Islamic modernist explored in this study reflect the growing sense of secularization of Muslim society in the 19th century. The paper shows that although the likes of Jamal Al Din Afghan and Sayyid Ahmad Khan were not able to create a strong enough educational resistance to religious dominance in their own cultures; they were able to counteract a complete control of the British imperialism that used the ignorance of pure religion within their communities.

From the Paper
"This study will examine the nature of modernist reform in the 19^th century, which relied upon redefining Islamic ways of life through religious precepts. By understanding the reformers of the 19^th century, one can realize how technology and education was foremost issue amongst Arabs that sought to acclimate to, but not adhere to foreign imperialism that had conquered Islamic countries. In this manner, the relationship between western ideologies and Islamic faith-based principles were modernized through the creation of secular systems of thought. In essence, the modernization of the Islamic world in the 19^th century reflects knowledge of western technology and science, but relies on the dictates of Islamic morals and ethics in a societal format."

Tags:muslim, reform, ideas

Abstract
This paper provides a thorough overview of the history of the Ottoman Empire and the impact it had on the world. The paper describes the early structure of the empire's political and military might, the Ottoman empire's gradual demise and its final collapse.

The Early Structure of Political and Military Power
in the Ottoman Empire
Turkish Military: The First Place the Turks Occupied in Europe was
Gallipoli
The Growth and Expansion of Russia from the 18th Century Onwards
Egypt (because of cotton) Begins a Move Away
from the Ottoman Empire
Demands Pressed Upon the Ottoman State - and Russian Expansion -
Led to a Further Weakening of Ottoman
The Janissary Corps
The Ottoman Failure to Reform the Inefficient System of
Government they were Using
The Origin and Decline of the Ottoman Empire

From the Paper
"And it is important to note that Turkey's domination over Africa's northern areas was not entirely well defined, and the Ottoman Empire did not really have permanent, clear-cut borders; rather, the empire was more of a military administration over a vast region of diverse cultures and geography."

Tags:europe, asia, minor, seljuk, turks, middle, east, africa, ahmad, sultan, constantinople

Abstract
This paper describes a study focused on the question of how leadership style, as exhibited by administrators and physicians, impacts upon the performance of public and private hospitals in Kuwait. The literature indicates that when both public and private Kuwait hospitals are compared, significant differences in leadership styles (as observed via performance indicators and surveys of key actors) are identified; these leadership differentials are hypothesized to have a direct bearing upon hospital performance, specifically with regard to employee satisfaction, quality assurance and accountability, and measures of efficiency. Using a stratified 2X2 sample of key leaders (administrators and physicians), a survey instrument is administered to a total of no less than 100 such subjects in each of two hospital settings (public and private institutions). The study proceeds from the theoretical assumption that either transformational or transactional leadership styles will be identified by respondents as most closely associated with such variables as high quality of patient care, high levels of employee satisfaction and proactive, visionary leadership that is capable of motivating and inspiring staff throughout the organization. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including t-tests, are employed to assess the data generated by the study. Secondary data is included to augment the primary data obtained via the survey developed by the researcher, specifically with respect to measures of efficiency. The results, along with a comprehensive review of relevant literature, are presented in a final report.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Theory and Hypotheses
Methodology
Plan of Analysis

From the Paper
"Authentic leaders make transformations possible. They help others and their organization cope with change and complexity. They serve as role models, facilitators, mentors, and guides. They are self-actualizing and capable of assisting others in achieving ethics, vision, and belief in others. In other words, as Hollander and Julian (2000) have pointed out, it is the leader (who may or may not always be a designated manager or executive within an organization), who sets the basis for relationships within a group and thereby can affect outcomes. Leaders initiate structure and also affect the process that occurs within that structure. Hollander and Julian (2000) further note that leaders are those individuals with whom others identify."

Tags:communication, HRM, Gulf, War, Mohammad, Ahmad, Al-Jarallah