Abstract This paper explains that, as in other countries, due to increased birthrates in the mid twentieth century, combined with relatively low birthrates in modern society, Canada is experiencing populationaging. The author points out that this demographic shift creates a situation in which potential problems regarding economic stability are created and in which the workforce does not have enough manpower to support the agedpopulation. The paper suggests that increasing immigration rates and implementing social programs may assist in helping balance this situation.
From the Paper "This Health Canada report proceeds to stress the complexity of aging population issue, as it concerns not only the well-being of today's older Canadians but also broader areas and sectors that affect the entire population, including health, labour markets and public finances. They stress the fact that all levels of government are needed to work together in establishing a defensive front to safeguard the economy. Health Canada provides a detailed list of the challenges that Canadian society will face in recent years and how to properly adapt to work with these changes."
Abstract Medicare and Social Security stand to be stretched if not fall into jeopardy if there are not some major changes in the policies that secure these parts of the American culture. The important thing is not to state the problems but come to some workable solutions. The problem is that many of the possible solutions could have unforeseen problems of their own that we won't be aware of for years to come. This paper explains some of these problems and solutions and gives suggestions to what might happen in the next 30 years following the trend of aging in America and its lasting economic effects.
From the Paper "United States is among many developed or industrialized countries that are facing a new economic challenge as the demographics of population shift. What has happened in the recent years is a trend that will continue and grow into the next few decades; there has been a growth in industrialized nations' elderly populations due to declining fertility rates and a rise in life expectancy. These growth trends are manifested in a slow growing population and labor force and an increase in the ratio between the elderly and those still working age. (Greenspan) In fact, in 2000 there were 35 million Americans or 12.4% of the population over the age of 65 years, and 4.5 million or 1.6% over 85 years old. By the year 2030 it is projected that the number of US citizens over 65 will more than double and those over 85 will be up to 9 million. (Brookings) Life expectancy in US increases and the retirement age seems to diminish, as some opt to quit working at 62 instead of 65, (with less benefits) and the aging US population is looking at 20 more years of living, consuming and sometimes needing regular expensive healthcare services after the more preferred retirement age. We in America have only just hit the tip of the iceberg with this issue as the baby boomers will not start hitting 62 until 2008. In the 30 years, following 2008 the number of 62 year olds will increase from 40 million, now, to 80 million, while the working force will only grow 12% compared to the boomers' double. (NBER)"
Abstract The advancements in medical facilities have considerably increased life expectancy of Americans and, consequently, there is a surge in the agedpopulation. Caring for the increasing ?agingpopulation? has become an important issue in the health care field. This paper discusses some of the important aspects of caring for the old and the effects on the caregivers in a detailed manner. There are a lot of practical problems associated with old age caring. The paper discusses the financial burden, health impact, and time constraints on the caregiver.
Paper Outline
Introduction
Aging and Society's Outlook
Emotional Stress in Caregiving
Caregiving, Employment and Financial Aspects
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Another aspect that is attendant with the caregiving is the time and attention that the task demands. A survey conducted revealed that around 7% of informal caregivers had to quit their jobs, being unable to divide their time between caregiving and work. Even if they continue in their present jobs there is an observed fall in their productivity because of their constant preoccupation with the caring task. ?The aggregate costs of caregiving to US businesses in lost productivity are at least $11.4 billion per year,? [Salvatore J. Giorgianni]. About two out of five caregivers responded that the number of hours that they worked has been greatly reduced. About 40% of the caregivers had to take unpaid leave of absence of around 17 days a year, which reflects as 8% of their yearly work time. [Marc A. Cohen] In many cases, looking after seriously disabled and chronically ill elders would necessitate fulltime care. Quitting jobs added to the already mounting financial burden."
Abstract This paper explores the strategies and methods used in the hotel industry when targeting a more mature demographic as well as the importance of increasing nationalism despite the political situation around the world. There are several important factors to recognize in the agingpopulation and its travel activities such as price, convenience and location. The writer of this paper details the key priorities for strategic hotel management including the importance in satisfying the customer regardless of age or nationality. The writer also considers the scope of the mature traveler's impact on strategic hotel management and marketing.
Topics covered in this paper include:
Introduction and Overview
The Effects of the AgingPopulation on Tourism and the Hotel Industry
Growing Nationalism
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "For the aging population, a reduction in room charges may also be a means of getting more business from elderly travelers. It is important that, when reservations are made, that the reservations clerk confirm if a Senior Discount applies. There are, of course, many travel professionals who specialize in creating tours for senior citizens, and these bookings would normally inform the hotel about such discounts."
Abstract This paper examines the aging of Canada's population and its potential consequences. Many consider the aging of the 'baby boom' generation to be a crisis. Other demographers suggest it will have positive consequences.
Abstract This paper discusses the issues of an agingpopulation effects society in areas such as medicine, education and the workplace. The author points out that this agingpopulation effects food and living arrangements. The paper explains the way aging effects the media.
From the Paper "People are living longer today than they used to and this is resulting in a much larger elderly population than formerly. While the number of people under age ... in the U. S. has increased by a factor of three during the ...th century, the number of people over age has increased by a factor of eleven Consequently the elderly who comprised only ... in every Americans ... million in made up in ....million in ... . Declining fertility and mortality ..."
Abstract This paper describes some of the key concerns regarding sexuality and aging, including misconceptions about sexuality and aging as well as the problems with sexuality that members of the agingpopulation sometimes face. It also looks at solutions, treatments and techniques that can be applied to help address some of those problems.
From the Paper "Sexuality is a key part of human existence. However, when most people think of sexuality, they tend to ignore the fact that as one ages, there can be many issues surrounding the psychological, as well as physical aspects of sexual performance and experience. Unfortunately, is it common for lay people and physicians to gloss over or ignore the issues surrounding sexuality in the older population, yet it is a very important aspect of life. Although more research is being conducted into sexual dysfunction in advancing age populations, especially as the "Baby Boom" generation enters its twilight years, there is significantly more research as well as general attention that must be devoted to the issue."
Abstract This paper addresses a single issue in the matter of health care policy related to the elderly and the agingpopulation. Specifically, the paper seeks to examine current policy issues and decisions surrounding health insurance coverage of the elderly. Often individuals who are in need of greater care but do not always have the financial resources to afford sufficient health care coverage.
From the Paper "One of the most important health-related issues facing the elderly population, both for the elderly themselves as well as policy-makers, is providing adequate and acceptable health care to a population that is rapidly aging. Healthier lifestyles and new medications have individuals living longer than ever before. In the United States, for example, the population boom following World War II has resulted in a contemporary generation that is moving into old age and will soon put a significant strain on a health care system that is admittedly not up to the task of providing for all the health care needs of the elderly. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the major issues associated with health care of the elderly and some policies that could be implemented in order to address the existing problems."
Abstract This paper explains that Canada is in the midst of a health care crisis because of the increased costs associated with an agingpopulation. The author points out that the problem is complicated by the increased pharmacological and technological needs of elderly patients. The paper is an extensive literature review, which provides a variety of perspectives.
From the Paper "Canada is in the midst of a health care crisis. Already facing the need for substantial changes in the health care industry, the country must also find ways to manage the increased costs that accompany to an aging population. Quite often, these issues interact with one another: how is it possible for a health care industry so in need of reform provide for the increased pharmacological and technological needs of elderly patients? In order to find solutions that will alleviate the difficulties facing both aspects of this situation, it is important to further understand how they interact."
Abstract This paper focuses on the effects of an agingpopulation on financial asset (stocks and bonds) returns in the U.S. for the post-World War II period. The first part of the paper provides a brief review of demographic changes that will confront a selected country during the next half century. The next part presents a review of the empirical literature on demographics and financial asset demands. Next, the paper develops a conceptual framework for analyzing how an agingpopulation triggered by falling birth rates and rising life expectancies affects the demand for financial assets. A discussion of the ideal data set and an outline of the challenges that arise in estimating how populationaging will alter aggregate demand follows. Next, the paper builds up the actual models used in this paper and discusses actual data and proxies. Finally, the paper presents new findings and tests empirically the relation between aging and asset returns in the U.S. The conclusion summarizes the main findings and notes areas for future study.
Outline
The Demographic Transition in the U.S. and Other Nations
Theoretical Background and Literature Review
Conceptual Model
Ideal Data
Actual Model
Results and Analysis
From the Paper "Sell? Sell to whom? This dilemma might haunt the Baby Boomers in the next century as they attempt to unload their assets to pay for retirement. The rising number of middle-aged workers today is the direct result of the Baby Boom generation, those born in roughly the two decades following World War II. It is this high working population ratio, which has often been identified as an important factor for rises in productivity (see Shimer (1998)). As these boomers age, they will have profound social and economic implications for much of the developed world. The large increase in the ratio of retired workers to those in the labor force during the next three decades will place substantial strains on public pension programs. Just in the U.S. anticipated social security expenditures will outstrip income by 2020. In many other developed nations the fiscal prospect is even more daunting than it is in the United States."
Abstract This paper discusses the need for improved ergonomics and ergonomics that are better suited to the agingpopulation. It discusses the phenomenon of companies having older workers in their employ now that the general population is aging. It describes various studies and their results as well as implemented plans for more ergonomic workplaces.
From the Paper "Further, according to a study by Parker et. al, older individuals in residential and nursing care homes may depend on the environment to compensate for their physical or cognitive frailties. Regulations and guidelines on the design of care buildings have accumulated over time with little knowledge of their impact on the quality of life of building users. The Design in Caring Environments Study (DICE) collected cross-sectional data on building design and quality of life in 38 care homes in and near Sheffield, Yorkshire. Quality of life was assessed using methods consisting of all residents regardless of their frailty. Significant positive associations were found between several aspects of the built environment and the residents' quality of life. There was evidence that a focus on safety and health requirements could be creating risk-averse environments which act against quality of life, particularly for the least frail residents. The new tool for assessing building design has potential applications in further research and for care providers."
Abstract This paper states that the United States will be seeing a dramatic increase in the elderly population as the "baby boomer" generation reaches retirement age. The paper explains that there is no evidence to show that the brain begins to show signs of wear in old age thus resulting in mental illness. The author concludes that the cost of medical care is a major problem for most older people.
From the Paper "Not all people age at the same rate. While living 65 years or longer may give a person a greater probability of contracting a debilitating, chronic disease, old age does not cause chronic illness. Living a great number of years just increases the probability of contracting one. It is necessary to distinguish what can be considered normal wear and tear on the body, or the natural result of aging."
Tags: social, security, managed, care, chronic, retirement
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that elder abuse is observed at all social, economic and educational levels. The writer discusses that the problem is not only widespread, but is also increasing because of a rapidly agingpopulation. The writer points out that elder abuse occurs in homes for the aged, nursing homes, in extended care facilities, and especially in the community where family members care for aging relatives. The writer maintains that as the government has moved health care more into the community, caregivers who are very often older women are expected to work under the worst possible conditions. The writer notes that elder abuse is a hidden crime and the victims are the most vulnerable people in society.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Target Group
Implementation
From the Paper "Research indicates that as many as ten percent of elderly people are abused. Situations of elder abuse do not always have risk factors but, thus far, five risk factors for abuse have been identified. Older people with dementia are more likely to be abused than any other elders because their behavior causes caregiver stress. Social isolation of victims and caregivers increases stress and removes social controls to prevent abuse. Mental illness in the caregiver, especially in combination with substance abuse, is a significant risk factor. Depression in the caregiver, especially if combined with alcohol abuse, is another important risk factor. Dependency is the other significant risk factor. The abuser can be very dependent on the victim for their substantial financial resources."
This paper is a discussion of how and why economic growth was sparked in the Stone Age, specifically stating that climatic changes, geographic factors, and the growth of settlements with larger populations were the largest factors.
Abstract This paper discusses the economic growth that occurred during the Stone Age and aligns with Marshall Sahlins' view that the Stone Age was a society of affluence, stipulating that an affluent society is one in which material desires are easily fulfilled, as long as the needs of the people are few. The author argues that the primary factor in economic growth of the Stone Age was the climatic change that followed the end of the Ice Age. These climate changes caused food shortages, which in turn necessitated the development of tools for hunting. Later, in areas where geographic conditions were ideal, agriculture developed, which in turn spurred greater economic growth.
From the Paper "The Neolithic Age was preceded by the rise of agricultural activities in several Stone Age communities. In general, the Neolithic period is seen primarily as an economic phenomenon, and its essence is seen as consisting in the new phenomenon of agriculture (Thomas). Of course, this did vary from region to region. By 5000 BC, peasant communities existed in Palestine, Iraq and Iran, and soon thereafter they appeared in India, Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean (Hawkes and Woolley 8). On the other hand, in Europe hunting persisted for thousands of years, and change came much more slowly. Moreover, Thomas argues that the situation was quite different in southern Britain, and possibly also in other parts of Britain, and in Ireland. The point Thomas wishes to make is that 'the Neolithic in Britain was not characterized by a single economic system' (7)."
Tags: affluence, Ice Age, geographic location, food shortage, agriculture development
