Abstract
This paper examines whether the United States was the aggressor in the Cold War. The author discusses the relevant issues and concludes that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States were aggressors, for each side believed it was acting defensively in response to the other's perceived aggression.

Abstract
This paper explains Eksteins' position as presented in his book "The Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age" that the German aggressors' view of the Great War was (1) an inextricable link with their culture and (2) a German territorial aggrandizement. The author points out the British view of war at the time of World War I was different from the German view in that the war was a struggle to preserve British social values. The paper relates that the propaganda, which fueled Nazism's spread was largely based on Nazism's reinterpretation and use of old Germanic mythology; Hitler's movement took root in a society reeling from the effects of the Treaty of Versailles.

From the Paper
"Previously, the French were the antagonists of the British on the European continent, but now Germany had taken over that role (116). The French had represented "flux and irresponsibility in the world," and now it was the Germans who did so (116). In contrast, the British saw themselves as the stable point of the world. They were proud of the stability the "Pax Britannica" brought, a peace ensured through military might and a far-flung network of colonies through the world (117). It was a reactionary view, as opposed to the progressive view of the Germans."

Tags:technicism, propaganda, territorial-aggrandizement, preservation, mythology

Abstract
This paper examines why the United States Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union all used film propaganda during World War II. Films with patriotic themes were considered a valuable tool in the war effort. They served to rally and unite the home front against the aggressors by demonizing the foe and sanctifying the war as a righteous struggle of good against evil. The paper shows that regardless of whether these propaganda films were German, Russian, or American, they all relied upon psychological and emotional manipulation and could have a powerful impact upon their targeted audiences.

Tags:world, war, ii

Abstract
The subject of the paper is gender and geography. The paper argues that gender identities are determined by the fear of public urban spaces. In order to maintain the patriarchy women are convinced that there is something to be afraid of. Men on the other hand build identities as aggressors or protectors. The paper examines how it is not just the physical environment that determines spaces within cities, but also social, political, ideological, economic and cultural factors.

From the Paper
"Spaces within cities are not just determined by the physical environment. Social, political, ideological, economic and cultural factors are just as important. This is what Tracey Skillington is saying in The City as Text when she uses the term "the city as text". Skillington argues, It was by way of a complex system of symbolic interaction that meaning was socially constructed and politically mobilized, that certain cultural codes of interpretation were mediated through the symbolic features of discourse on the city to justify the system of cultural and political authority as it is (Skillington, 1998:458)."

Tags:gender, geography, fear

Abstract
This paper relates that the most prevalent crime in prison society is rape, which correctional officers often ignore, sometimes even encourage the assaults and, especially in the women's prisons, perform the rape. The author points out that racial strife also lies at the root of most sexual attacks in prison; the majority of aggressors are poor black men from impoverished inner-city areas who harbor a deep-seated hatred for the white prisoners whom they feel symbolize the prejudice
and discrimination they have experienced in their lives. The paper urges better health care, especially mental health and delineates several proposed programs, which require a financial commitment from the government and its taxpayers that many still may not be willing to make; minimally, in the meantime, citizens should demand a set of standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners, similar to what the United Nations has adopted.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Inmate Violence
Guard Abuse
The Race War and Its Casualties
Health Care...or the Lack Thereof
Abysmal Abuses of Environment
Now What?
"Why Should We Care?...".

From the Paper
"Prisoner on prisoner assault, guard assaults, racial tensions, minimal health care, deprived living conditions: what can possibly be done to prevent such abuses and human rights violations? Although it would prove quite naive to believe that any one of these problems has
a "magic bullet" solution, numerous programs and proposals are now in place which could at least begin a process of reform. Government investment in youth prevention programs is always a solid place to start. After all, if the legal system can reach a violent young kid before he morphs into a violent young criminal, then the estimated economic savings can number $50,000 per individual (in recovered incarceration expenses and potential earnings). The humanistic benefits to society are far greater. For those who slip through the cracks, detailed
drug treatment and prevention programs have been shown to curb recidivism."

Tags:rape, assault, guards, race, guidelines

Abstract
By the late 19th century, many educated Chinese had become deeply disillusioned with their culture because neither Confucianism nor anything else within the Chinese tradition seemed adequate to meet the challenge of Western and Japanese imperialism. The potent fear that the foreigners would carve up China until it ceased to exist as an independent entity, together with increasing despair over the ineptitude of China's Manchu rulers, encouraged the growth of nationalist sentiment whose ultimate goal was a return to autonomy. This paper examines how, in foreign affairs during the 1860s, 1870s, and 1880s, China suffered a number of setbacks from foreign aggressors. One specific Western power was France, which had had previous relationships with China and then began moving into the area of Annam, or modern-day Vietnam.

From the Paper
"The French discovered an alternate route that would facilitate better trading routes within China's Yunnan province. They looked towards seizing parts of north Annam. In 1874 a new treaty was signed which announced French control of Cochin China, the right to control Annamese foreign relationships, and navigation along the Red River. China had other internal and foreign issues occupying its governmental spectrum and took no action against France for stating its control over Annam. China ignored the treaty of 1874 under the pretence that Annam already was a tributary state under its control. French expansion into Indochina met with other foreign approval in Europe."

Tags:French, East, India, Company, Cochin, Red, River

Abstract
Examines the similarities seen between the development of Taiwan and South Korea, since they became independent nations in 1953. More specifically, this paper examines the economic development of both countries, the support and financial assistance they receive from the West, the threat from external aggressors they are both exposed to, the protection they receive from the United States, and the development of their infrastructure.

From the Paper
"South Korea is constantly threatened by North Korea, and the current saber-rattling by the North Koreans makes South Koreans jittery and may also raise questions about the safety of economic investment there from the West. The fact that both South Korea and Taiwan have achieved as much as they have in spite of such threats raises the question of how much they could develop if these threats were removed, though this does not seem likely in the near future. Both nations have achieved a similar level of development in the era since 1953 and have become major forces in the economic development of all of Southeast Asia."

Tags:sovereigns, north, korea, mainland, china, southeast, asia, korean, war, economic, growth

Abstract
This paper will discuss the California Indian massacres of the three knolls in 1865, the Kingsley Cave Massacres 1871, in relation to the Speegle family. These two Massacres and their causes and resulting violence will be explained. What happened during the battles will discussed in relation to the victims and the aggressors.

Abstract
The tragedy of 9/11 is the most recent case in point of how a nation can take its freedom and liberty for granted, which ultimately allows others to tear down that which has taken over 200 years to build, protect, and defend. This paper shows that the Patriot Act of 2001 undoubtedly faces numerous legal challenges in the upcoming months and years. While the issue of protecting the nation cannot be forgotten in the aftermath of 9/11, neither can the lessons learned from the Alien and Sedition Acts, nor the tragic mistake of interning thousands of Japanese-Americans under no more than suspicion and bigotry. The paper explains that the challenge of defending a nation from outside aggressors is simple when compared to the problem of defending the nation from those who would attack it from within.

From the Paper
"Under the Patriot Act, the FBI needs only to certify to a FISA judge that the action is based on investigating terrorism. There remains no need for evidence of a crime, or probable cause, only that the search is designed to protect against terrorism. Under the Act, the judge has no authority to reject this application. While the Department of Justice (DOJ) calls this "seeking a court order," in application it is much closer to a rubber stamp. In the pragmatic application of the Act, the target of a search needn't be a terror suspect himself, so long as the government's purpose is "an authorized investigation ... to protect against international terrorism." (Lithwick and Turner, 2003)"

Tags:FISA, Section, 215, FBI, Jefferson

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of male aggression in men between the ages of 21 to 27. Specifically, it discusses why men are more aggressive than women aged 21-27 and why men are the main aggressors in domestic violence situations.

From the Paper
"Numerous scientists and researchers have conducted studies regarding male aggression and why it occurs. Much of the research points to the increased levels of testosterone in males, especially teens and young adults, as this researcher notes. "Men's fluctuating short-term testosterone levels respond to competitive situations, such as a tennis or wrestling match, a chess game, or a competitive task in a psychology laboratory" (Goldstein, 2001). Various studies have also shown that aggressive behavior between males can lead to increased testosterone levels, and that women do not experience the same type of increase in aggression when competing, or when winning in a game or contest. Goldstein continues, "Testosterone effects in male - female competition or dominance 'have yet to be addressed in research with humans'" (Goldstein, 2001). Thus, it seems men and women are inherently different when it comes to aggression, and men have more aggressive tendencies than women do especially men at the peak of their sexual and physical prowess, from 21 through 27. Certainly, biological differences are important, as this researcher states."

Tags:hyperaggressive, biological, behaviors, social, environmental, achievement, competition