Abstract
This paper examines whether the United States was the aggressor in the Cold War. The author discusses the relevant issues and concludes that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States were aggressors, for each side believed it was acting defensively in response to the other's perceived aggression.

Abstract
The paper explains that, considering the information now available, it seems unlikely the Soviets would have attacked the United States over the Cuban missile crisis. The author states that it actually appears the United States was the aggressor: The missiles were placed in Cuba by the Soviet Union as deterrents in response to a real threat from the United States because the United States had been planning on attacking Cuba for years, going back to the Eisenhower administration. The paper concludes that the weapons did ensure a peace because (1) the United States government agreed not to invade Cuba if the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles from Cuban soil, which they did, and (2) the United States agreed to remove missiles from Turkey. Several long quotes.

From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis is one of the defining moments in twentieth century United States history. The Cold War was at its apex. The Cubans asked the Soviet Union to protect them against an American attack. In 1961, the United States sent troops into Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. The attack failed and later became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco. In 1962, Kruschev sent missiles into Cuba in order to deter an American attack. We were at the brink of World War III, both sides used verbal threats, and War was only averted when the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American promise to not invade the island."

Tags:aggressor, deterrent, eisenhower, invasion, agreement

Abstract
This paper examines how the Dude from the film "The Big Lebowski" betrays the traditional image of the hero with his less-than-perfect physique and substandard ambition. It explores the Dude's role as mediator between the oppressive, zealous Walter and the passive, naive Donnie as well as his heroic role as he blunders through his misinformed attempt to rescue Bunny on behalf of the Big Lebowski from the apathetic German nihilists. The paper also delves into the buffering role the Dude plays between the aggressive Jackie Treehorn and the ostensible victim Bunny. Finally, the paper explores the Dude's fulfillment of Maude's odd wishes in spite of the Big Lebowski's oppositions, who adopts the role of the aggressor in this situation.

From the Paper
"In what may appear to be a common friendship between three men, the Dude actually plays a critical role in mediating the conflicting natures of his two closest friends. Walter, an eccentric, outspoken, Vietnam veteran relentlessly chides Donnie, whose absentmindedness is a ready fuel source for Walter's self-righteous anger. Essentially, Walter and Donnie respectively personify an opposition between defilement and naivety, which casts Walter as the strong and Donnie as the weak. Though the Dude forgoes active intervention between the two in most circumstances, his mere presence reconciles Walter's hostility with Donnie's passiveness, a presence that prevents, and even rescues Donnie from becoming entirely subjugated by Walter's dominating personality. "

Tags:agressor, bridges, bunny, buscemi, comedy, death, donnie, freedom, german, kidnapping, mediator

Abstract
This is a research report, which focuses mainly on the methods of obtaining information in an intimate heterosexual domestic violence dispute. The research supported the paper's position that males are more likely to be the aggressor in a domestic violence setting, but notes the fact that women have, as of late, begun to be arrested at the scene of domestic disputes as either aggressor or as a co-aggressive participant.

From the Paper
"In a violent dispute situation, it was the assumption by most that men, in the majority of cases, posed a greater threat to women. But, soon after arrests became the norm, women began to get arrested for domestic violence. Except for a minor number of scenarios, history shows that women pose a far less risk to their male counterparts. "Mandatory arrest and the use of civil restraining orders without proper criminal sanctions are assuredly flawed solutions for preventing the complex enigma of domestic violence. Americans have historically objected to the government's attempt to legislate what they consider their private morality or family problems." (Davis, 1998) Upon arriving on a scene, police must treat each case as a new individual event."

Tags:police, scene, male, partners, woman, abused, male, female, relationship, husband, wife, homocides

Abstract
This paper explains that defensive realism is an umbrella term for several theories of international politics and foreign policy, which suggests that security is the primary interest of most states. Yet, when one state takes action to increase its perceived security, this action generally serves to decrease the perceived security of other competing states. The author points out that the reason the United States decided to intervene in what would have otherwise been a localized civil war was precisely because of the supposed involvement of Russia in North Korea's movements. The paper states that, if America had not appeared to be the aggressor, but had stuck strictly to a moderate course that communicated restraint, then it might never have had to face the massive forces of China. However, throughout the war, America seemed to act in an unrestrained fashion.

From the Paper
"Once America got involved, it quickly restored the status quo and pushed the North Korean army back to the 38th parallel. However, General MacAuthor decided to "finish" the war by pushing farther into North Korea to assure the destruction of the North Korean military force. As America pushed its armies into what had originally been North Korean territory, it lost some of its ability to pass as a police action against an aggressive state and began to look like a direct assault on the communist bloc. This was certainly how it appeared to China as the American troops began marching on her borders. Chinese security interests demanded that North Korea serve as some kind of buffer between American forces in South Korea and the Chinese border, and also that American forces not be allowed on Chinese soil. So, as defensive realism would expect, China began to send forces to meet and engage American troops."

Tags:policy, russia, macauthor, security, police

Abstract
This paper explains that the American involvement and error in Vietnam and Vietnam's internal strife probably began toward the end of World War II when President Franklin D. Roosevelt failed to place Indochina under a United Nations trust and when President Harry Truman (1)permitted France to return to the former French Indochina and (2)initiated U.S. military aid to Indochina in May 1950. The author points out that President Johnson needed to create a "foreign aggressor"; thus North Vietnam became a "foreign" country enabling the United States to shift its focus from the intractable problems of the South. The paper states that it is important to acknowledge the possibility of ulterior motives for the retention of a American military presence in Vietnam long after even the U.S. leadership realized that involvement in this civil war was an error and a loss was possible.

From the Paper
"Until 1965, North Vietnam had limited itself to training and sending Native Southerners to fight in the south. Roger Hilsman, former Assistant Secretary of the State for Far Eastern Affairs, predicted the effect of bombing on North Vietnamese policy: It would be well for the advocates of bombing and other "easy" solutions to such problems to remember that Hanoi's policy was not to infiltrate North Vietnamese into South Vietnam-the infilitrators have almost all been Southerners sympathetic to communism who went North in 1954. Hanoi has kept this self-imposed limitation partly to maintain the fiction that the origins of the fighting in South Vietnam were internal, but partly to minimize the risk of retaliation against their precious factories. Once the factories are gone, so is the deterrent."

Tags:truman, johnson, civil-war, communism, invention

Abstract
This paper examines how, in the aftermath of the First World War, there were great efforts made to establish the party or parties responsible for the outbreak of the war and a great desire to justify the belief of the Allies that Germany had been the aggressor; the result of this was the 'war guilt' clause of the Treaty of Versailles. It looks at how, after the Second World War, however, few attempts seem to have been made to establish Germany's guilt, even though it had, in blatant defiance of the Treaty of Versailles, amassed a large army, and as early as 1935, began, by military posturing and political manipulation, to invade and annex various areas of land belonging to other sovereign nations. It analyzes how it is impossible to deny, looking fairly at the events leading up to the declaration of war against Germany by various nations in 1939, that the war would never have happened had Germany not been under the control of an ambitious warlord, Adolf Hitler, and how, although Hitler was indeed leading Germany down the path towards war, the Allies, consisting mainly of Great Britain and France, according to most historians had countless opportunities to bring a halt to the German war machine before it had the chance to create the formidable army introduced to Europe in 1939.

From the Paper
"In January of 1936, Hitler moved four German divisions to the border of the Rhineland. There he bided his time, waiting for a good opportunity. It came on March First, after the signing of a French-Russian non-aggression pact. Hitler gave orders for a "surprise entry" into the Rhineland. On March 7th as many as three German divisions -- and possibly as few as one -- crossed over into the Rhineland. While the Rhineland rejoiced the return of the military, the world was unaware. Until noon, when Hitler announced, from the Kroll Opera House, that in the "interests of the basic rights of its people to the security of their frontier and the safeguarding of their defense were re-established, as from today, the absolute and unrestricted sovereignty of the Reich in the demilitarized zone of the Rhineland." "

Tags:hitler, treaty, versailles, rhineland, allies

Abstract
The paper begins by examining the main causes of WWII, with a focus on Adolph Hitler and Germany's role as the major aggressor in the conflict. It examines Hitler's philosophies, his anti-Semitic sentiments and his bid to establish the Third Reich. The paper then provides a time-line of events which began with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 and ended with the landing of Allied troops in North France on June 6th, 1944 and the dropping of the atom bomb in 1945 which forced Japan into surrendering. The paper concludes with the results of the war and a graph showing the percentage of deaths in each country involved in the war.

From the Paper
"Despite these advances, the summer of 1942 was the worst time period of the war for the Allies. Axis forces were conquering Egypt, penetrated the Caucasus and launched a giant offensive against Stalingrad and sinking Allied shipping fleets and an accelerated rate. But the Axis powers couldn't go on for very much longer. Their militaries were showing signs of wear and were getting tired. But the United States and Russia were just gearing up to fight with their huge reserves. Though the war had been going very badly for the Allied powers up to this point, the turning point came when Britain leveled the Axis in North Africa in October, 1942. Soon after this, on November 8th, 1942, the US invaded Algeria. The Americans and British were soon joined by the French Free Forces of General de Gaulle, and by the regular French forces that were passed to the Allies after the surrender of Admiral Darlan. (History Channel)"

Tags:World, War, II, Pearl, Harbor, Stalingrad, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Axis, Allied, ww2

Abstract
This paper examines how, after World War II, judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States tried twenty-two Nazi leaders, primarily Holocaust perpetrators, for crimes against humanity, violating long-established rules of war, and waging aggressive war, and how these trials would eventually become known as the ?Nuremberg Trials.? It looks at how many have argued that the long-term impact of these trials is that they were able to establish a stigma against governments that engage in genocide. It also discusses how the greatest lasting impact of the Nuremberg Trials is that, in the some 100-plus civil wars since 1945, no international body had been convened to try aggressor nations or individuals accused of war crimes.

From the Paper
"If we look back at Nazi war crimes, we may note that despite the reluctance of nations to unite in common cause and move swiftly toward a lasting road against aggression, the hope of a more lasting peace is likely to serve as a deterrent for all future warring factions. This was essentially the best that many judges and UN officials could hope for
as Nuremberg's brightest promise. The world had a problem of what to do about the Nazi regime that had presided over the extermination of some six million Jews and deaths of millions of others with no basis in military necessity. Never before in history had the victors tried the vanquished for crimes committed during a war. Though, never in history
had the perpetrators been involved in a plot of such a mass destruction of the human populace."

Tags:holocaust, un, genocide

Abstract
This paper explains how and why the role of the military has been transformed from that of an aggressor to that of a peacekeeper. It explains the international changes that have propelled this transformation, how today's forces are different from those of the Cold War era, and why the military's new role is so important.

From the Paper
"With the cessation of hostilities after two world wars and the subsequent Cold War, many political analysts believed that the role of the military would be curtailed to formal duties of border management. Many suggested that the role of the military would not be of any significance to the common man, since the changed circumstances in the world power balance would require more diplomatic intervention in times of crisis than the active role of the military. However, experience has taught us that the role of the military cannot be minimized to any stretch of our wishful imagination."

Tags:world, war, democracy, power, fight, capture, territorie, threat, force, maintain, peace