Abstract This paper explains that Buddhism is a religious philosophy aiming to promote a life of self-denial leading to a state of "nirvana"; however, this state is not defined concretely, but rather an abstract concept experienced and felt by Buddhists. The author points out that the five aggregates of Buddhism, the components that make up human individuality existing within humans are rupa (aggregate of matter), vijnana (consciousness), vedana (aggregate of feeling and sensation), samjna (aggregate of perception), and samskara (aggregate of mental form and volition). The paper relates that the author is an individual, who, through Buddhism, is constantly in search of a personal philosophy that will give justice to the true essence and meaning of "self".
From the Paper "Rupa is perhaps the most basic and tangible aggregate in Buddhism. This aggregate represents the physical manifestation of the human being's existence here on earth. Santina categorizes rupa as not only composed of the human being's body, "but also the material objects that surround us" (126). Specifically, rupa is best represented by the five sense organs of the human body. The inclusion of the sense organs of the body illustrate how the concept of rupa is not only perceived as a physical manifestation, but also the coordination of the elements composed within and outside the human body."
Abstract The paper states that the economics theory of aggregate demand suggests AD is the measurement of the ability and willingness of people and firms to buy goods. The concept has been derived from Say's law which states that supply creates demand. The paper comments that this means that when there is enough supply people are motivated to purchase things for consumption; firms are more inclined to invest in more projects as the supply of goods and services are available at a cheaper price. The paper highlights that world components of aggregate demands such as prices, international relationships and political institutions all create interdependency and therefore it becomes difficult to actually segregate how certain components affect the others. The paper determines the relationship between financial institutions and aggregate demand and to what extent the quantity theory of money is relevant. The paper concludes that financial institutions are indirectly linked to AD. The quantity theory of money in turn is a good model for explaining the way AD operates in financial market.
From the Paper "Having said that it, one can now analyze the relationship of financial institutions and AD. Financial institutions deals in resources rather than goods and services and factors like credit level determined by the government, interest rates, and the monetary policies greatly influence its performance. Furthermore, financial institutions operate on a different platform as it does not apply the empirical model of AD theory."
Abstract This paper looks at the effects aggregate supply and demand have had on the labor market dynamics between the U.S. and Europe, with a special focus placed on Germany. The overriding conclusion of the study is that we should be wary of touting the strength of the U.S. against its European competitors. Historical evidence clearly shows that unemployment rates in the US have only been lower for the past 15 years, and even then not consistently. We may now have approached a stage where trends in aggregate supply and demand will again begin to favor European countries.
Abstract This paper discusses Keynesian macroeconomic theory by examining the concept of aggregate demand and whether or not full employment is attainable under this regime. Keynesian supporters claim that Keynes is the founding father of macroeconomic thought. The paper shows that some economists, however, have criticized Keynes's Principle of Aggregate Demand by suggesting that it does not work under democracy.
From the Paper "According to economists alike, the study of economic thought and principles is a social science which examines how governments allocate scarce resources by measuring and analyzing key economic indicators including production, distribution, consumption of goods and services (i.e. GDP), and trade. When attempting to explain the economic outcome, whether it is positive or negative, various assumptions and observations are made to justify fiscal and monetary decisions, as well as normative when government intervention is required. At the turn of the 20th Century, the global economic system crumbled as a result of decreased production."
Abstract This paper explains that Expenditure is directly proportional to Output, which in turn is directly proportional to Income. The author points out that GDP is the market value of all the final goods and services, which are produced in the nation during a particular year, but does not include production overseas by U.S. companies, although it includes the production facilities in U.S. by overseas companies operating in the U.S. such as the Toyota Motors. The paper relates that Aggregate Output is the total quantity of output, which is produced and supplied in a particular duration; Aggregate Income is the total amount of income, which is received by all the factors of production within an economy during a given period.
Table of Content
Key Features of National Accounts
Income Method
Output method
Expenditure method
Aggregate Income and Aggregate Output
From the Paper "At this point, it is pertinent to explore briefly into the total system of national accounts and specifically at the financial linkages between the various sectors of the economy. For the purpose of building the national accounts, the economy has been subdivided into four basic sectors. These are the (a) Personal Sector - which primarily constitutes the household sector (b) Corporate sector - comprising of Companies and Financial Institutions - F.I.s and the public corporations (c) General Government sector - comprising of Central and Local Government authorities (d) Foreign sector - that comprises of all individuals, firms and government bodies outside USA. In case of each of these sectors, there is the identical set of basic accounts that keep an account of all the receipts and outflow of that sector regardless of they being factor incomes, transfers, taxes, current or capital expenditures."
Abstract This paper examines one particular economic model, the aggregate supply-aggregate demand model, both as an abstract economic model and as a way of helping to predict in a rational fashion the direction that the U.S. economy may be taking in the future.
From the Paper "Those of us who are not economists may tend to think of such terms as "aggregate supply" or even "recession" as vaguely incantatory ? words that conjure up not ways to describe rational if complex (and therefore in many ways unpredictable) process but the dark arts of sorcery. But while economics is certainly not a precise natural science like chemistry (because the phenomenon involved are both so complicated and so subject to change because of different historical influences), it is of course a rational methodology through which to explain the ways in which various resources flow through the human community."
The following paper assesses the standardized means of measurement with which to total, track and analyze the productivity and output of any major enterprise.
Abstract This paper explores the standardized means of measurement which covers the scope of the output of an entire nation. The author examines this highly intricate and complex process that requires a widely known and accepted method of aggregation. In measuring the aggregate output of the economy of the United States of America, this accepted method is known as Gross Domestic Product, or GDP.
From the Paper "A simplified definition of GDP could be determined as "the market value for all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period" (Gross Domestic Product Page). This measurement of national productivity is calculated both quarterly and annually in America by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, a division of the U.S. Department of Commerce, according to a standardized process of measurement that utilizes various data sources and price indexes, most notably the widely accepted Consumer Price Index, or CPI (Eldridge PG)."
Abstract This paper examines two contradictory quotations regarding the same economic scenario and questions why the markets should fear a predicted economic slowdown if company profits are growing strongly. The paper presents the answer in the form of the "Keynesian Aggregate Expenditure" model, which is the generic term for several graphical models used to analyze the basic components of Keynesian economics and to identify Keynesian equilibrium as the intersection of the aggregate-expenditures line and the 45-degree line.
From the Paper "In other words, if consumers are spending less, it is unlikely that companies will continue to spend more and thus the companies will have to let workers go to make up for the decrease in consumer demand. The Keynesian model of aggregate demand was introduced in the 1930's as a answer to the worldwide great depression that the global economy found itself spiraling into after years of boom and financial speculation. Keynes departed from his predecessors when he ?rejected the view of Adam Smith that, left alone, a market system generally functions well,? namely that the "invisible hand? works when consumer confidence is low.? (Schenk, 1997, "Activism")"
Abstract This paper uses an aggregate expenditure model to explain the impact of the housing boom on investment and consumption spending. The paper presents a multiplier analysis to explain the increase in GDP consequent upon the rise in spending. Assuming that the housing boom has created an inflationary gap, the paper explores the aggregate expenditure model to explain this gap and then explains how fiscal policy could be used to eliminate this gap.
From the Paper "In order to determine the relation between the housing boom and the rise of prices, which are probably caused by greater demand in the housing sector, all factors which may produce shifts in the production function must be analyzed. The model proposed by Keynes suggests that each monetary unit spent on something must be somebody's income. Therefore, the housing boom, which creates new jobs, not only in the construction industry, but also in related areas, such as the production of wood or steel, is bound to produce a corresponding rise in consumption demand, as a result of increased spending. A similar effect is incurred upon investment demand."
Abstract Business cycle theories have been the topic of discussion for many years. There are several business cycle theories that are reliable and trustworthy, while others are controversial and easily disproved. This paper distinguishes between the different theories of the business cycle. These theories include Keynesian aggregate demand theory, the Monetarist aggregate demand theory and the new classical and new Keynesian theories of the business cycle and the real business theory. In addition, the paper describes the origins of and the mechanisms at work during the expansion of the 1990s, the recession of 2001 and the Great Depression.
From the Paper "Aggregate demand simply describes the correlation between the amount of aggregate output and the price height when every other variable is held constant. According to an article entitled "Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis" from the Keynesian point of view the aggregate demand is determined "in terms of its four components: consumer expenditures, investment (meaning investment in physical capital, not investment in assets) spending, government expenditures, and net exports." The equations that Keynesian use to express an aggregate demand curve is Y = C + I + G + Xn. "
Abstract The paper discusses how contemporary health care delivery systems are changing their view of health care. Hospitals and conventional medical centers are moving from individual oriented health care systems to community based health care systems. The paper explains that nursing students are now encouraged to view the community as their primary client and develop nursing interventions that appropriately address the needs of the community as their client. This includes providing interventions at the aggregate level. The paper emphasizes the importance of defining a community and focuses on delivering primary care within a community experiencing increasing levels of family violence.
Outline:
Concept of Community
Community vs. Aggregate Levels of Prevention
From the Paper "Various service providers define community in multiple ways. It is important one understand each of these varying definitions to determine how the needs of the community within the health care environment can best be addressed. One may define community as including the health care delivery team including nurses and physicians working to help individual clients as well as the client, their family and related members of the community that can all participate in decision making and problem solving at the community level (Caretto & McCormick, 1991). Crichton et al. (1997) defines community as a team of collective individuals within a given target population. St. Martin (1996) suggests that community health centers are organizations that focus on health promotion and health care for specific populations that constitute a "community."
Abstract This paper states that the long-term effects of sustained unemployment can destroy a nation's economic and social fabric by having a negative psychological impact, reducing aggregate demand and decreasing business activity. The paper discusses that, in addition to high immigration, Germany and Austria have internal flawed economic and monetary policies and lack proper vocational education. The author believes that both countries are taking steps to improve their employment situation.
From the Paper "Unemployment is a major issue in all European countries with Germany topping other nations with an unemployment rate reaching 12.2 percent in 1997. Though the country has now taken some effective measures to curb the rising trend in unemployment, it has suffered enormously on account of its joblessness in the past few years. During the 1960s and 1970s, it was found that Federal Republic of Germany could boast of success during good conditions but would collapse under unfavorable economic pressures. This proved to be true when in 1995, country's unemployed population began to rise unexpectedly and sharply."
Abstract This paper examines how an increase in personal income can decrease disposable spending. It explores the effects of aggregate demand and describes that a decrease in income taxes may offset the negative impact of reduced wealth on total spending. This paper includes a graph.
From the Paper "Personal income is income received by individuals from all possible sources. This includes wages, and income from dividends paid on investments. The largest component of total income is wages and salaries, a figure that can be estimated using payrolls and earnings data from the employment report. Beyond that, there are many other categories of income, including rental income, government subsidy payments, interest income, and dividend income. Personal income is a decent indicator of future consumer demand, but it is not perfect. Recessions usually occur when consumers stop spending, which then drives down income growth."
This paper is a report of a research project that examines the role of marital status in alcoholic consumption for national probability samples aggregated over the years 1972 to 2000.
Abstract This paper reports on a research project which tests the core hypothesis: Alcoholism and heavy drinking are more prevalent among divorced individuals (independent variable) than among those who have never been divorced (dependent variable) including gender as a controlling variable. The author used the National Data Program for the Social Sciences, more commonly known as the General Social Survey (GSS), a data diffusion project and a program of social indicator research, to examine data files aggregated from 1972 to 2000. The author concluded that marital status influences drinking habits: Divorced women and women are more likely to drink and/or experience alcohol-related problems than women who have never been married.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Data and Measurement
Analysis and Interpretations
Conclusions
From the Paper "According to Power, Rodgers and Hope, heavy alcohol consumption is more prevalent in divorced people than in married people, with the never married people being an intermediate group. This study also showed that heavy alcohol consumption tends to decline with age in young adulthood, falling from 21.4 percent at age 23 to 13 percent at age 33 in men and from 6 percent to 3.4 percent in women. This study showed that alcohol consumption is more prevalent in those who marry compared to those who remain single to age 33, although the difference was not large and was significant only in men. Marriage between the two ages correlated with a greater decline in consumption than remaining single, for men and women. Heavy consumption was not a major predictor of subsequent divorce but divorce between age 23 and 33 was linked with an increase in heavy drinking. Those who had separated recently showed the biggest increase in heavy drinking. The findings show that marital breakdown is a risk factor for higher consumption (with longer-term effects) and that remaining single is a risk factor for chronic heavy alcohol consumption. This study shows that marital status has a direct relationship with drinking, and suggests that gender may play a role in patterns."
Abstract This paper is a sample memo written to an immediate supervisor named Rhoda Waters. Rhoda has raised the possibility of switching from a chase demand strategy to a level-capacity strategy for aggregate planning. The memo will delineate the merits of one versus the other. The second part of the paper is a sample memo to Yvonne Williams. Yvonne Williams is the new boss at the company for which I work. She is very anxious to use her training in the concept of 'Just in Time Systems.' She has proposed implementing such a system in my operation. In keeping the 'Just in Time' idea, Yvonne suggests that rather than preventive maintenance, I concentrate on Just in Time Repairs. Write a short memo explaining why having a good preventive maintenance program in place is necessary prior to implementing a Just in Time system.
