Abstract
This paper examines two studies of spatial analysis of aggravated assaults in public housing, the first study being of the progression over a nine year period and the other comparing two dissimilar housing layouts. The paper relates that the statistical analysis of crimes and victims is a difficult proposition, quantifying the how, where and why of an aberrant act and then attempting to establish a causal relationship from the surrounding environment. This paper is an examination of two such studies, one where the crime rate was measured over a nine year period in terms of location and the surrounding locale with respect to housing density, the other was a direct comparison of two different public housing configurations in different cities in the same year. The paper shows how the use of a Geographical Information System to associate a precise location of each crime, better statistical data can be developed. The paper reaches the conclusion that the less dense and dilapidated the housing and surrounding neighborhood is, the less likely an aggravated assault might occur.

Tags:public housing, gis, study

Abstract
This paper addresses the question of whether the present recession in the U.S. will be aggravated by the Sept. 11th attacks. The paper looks at how the collapse of the "Internet Economy' in early 2001 which lead to decreased spending and consumer confidence even before 9/11, is causing the Federal Government to work double time to ensure that the US economy is spared an even greater blow than it has already experienced. The paper then examines some of the options available to the government in its efforts to best ensure a return to prosperity.

From the paper:

"One of the most obvious victims of the terror attacks has been consumer confidence " which was already shaky in the light of the economic slowdown in the months before September " a slowdown this week confirmed as the economy was declared in a recession back to March...

The Fed's generally positive assessment of the U.S.'s $10-trillion economy last year has shifted, in part due to the terrorist attacks and in part due to the softening economy, which itself must be seen as in part caused by the massive Bush tax rebates that have caused the federal surplus to vanish like mist in the sunlight. Last year at most of its meetings last year it maintained the Discount Rate, this year even as the economy began to slow down, a fact that for the Fed was mitigated by its warnings about the inflationary posed by the nation's tight labor market (the jobless rate continues near its lowest level in a generation) and a sharp rise in energy prices.

The absence of such key economic indicators showing a slowed rate of growth last year prompted the Fed to maintain or raise its Discount rate, just as the presence of a number of economic indicators (such as high unemployment, falling sales of new homes or other indications of disinclination toward consumer spending and a general decline in leading economic indicators that predict how the economy will likely fare in three to six months? time) have this year prompted the Fed to lower its Discount rate. As the high-tech sector continues to disintegrate, consumer confidence continues to fall and the recession has been made official, observers now wonder exactly how low the Fed can go."

From the Paper
""The Fed's generally positive assessment of the U.S.'s $10-trillion economy last year has shifted, in part due to the terrorist attacks and in part due to the softening economy, which itself must be seen as in part caused by the massive Bush tax rebates that have caused the federal surplus to vanish like mist in the sunlight. Last year at most of its meetings last year it maintained the Discount Rate, this year even as the economy began to slow down, a fact that for the Fed was mitigated by its warnings about the inflationary posed by the nation's tight labor market (the jobless rate continues near its lowest level in a generation) and a sharp rise in energy prices. "

Tags:terror

From the Paper
""A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security o a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." -- Second Amendment to the Constitution

The words of the Second Amendment, written two centuries ago, lie close to the heart of one of the most divisive issues in contemporary American public life: gun control. On the one hand, gunfire claims a constant, daily toll of American lives, from suicide and accidents even more than from violent crime. Every year or so, a mass murderer, often armed with one or more semiautomatic military-type assault weapons, mows down a dozen or so victims. On the other hand, gun ownership is a core value to millions of Americans, and perhaps a majority of all American ... "

Abstract
This paper examines the arguments for and against the detention of a young offender. The case in question is one in which a 12 year old male was detained on the following charges: attempted sexual assault of a minor; aggravated assault: minor in possession of an alcoholic beverage; and unlawful possession of a controlled substance, marijuana. The author tells us that the juvenile was caught in the act of sexually assaulting a 14 year old female acquaintance by the victim's 16 year old brother, who had arrived home and observed the act. The 12 year old suspect had also beaten the victim with the heel of a shoe. The juvenile was arrested and charged with aggravated sexual assault of a child and aggravated assault and possession of a controlled substance. The paper describes the background of the defender and, the circumstances under which he lives. The author describes all of the laws that apply to juvenile defenders. In conclusion, the author points out that a case like this is presented by both sides and, taking the laws and jurisdictions into consideration, the case would then be decided.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Argument in favor of taking the delinquent into custody.
Argument for the release of the delinquent
Final decision

From the Paper
"Another point that can be given in favor of this case is that the court first thoroughly studies the case and only then gives its final decision. Thus, if the court feels that it is not safe for the child to remain at home then it places the juvenile in a foster home or any out-of-home placement. It is the juvenile court's responsibility to rehabilitate the minor when he poses a danger to the common public and hence the court has the right to take any protective measures. As one of the articles says "once juvenile court has jurisdiction over a delinquent minor, its jurisdiction may be extended until the youth's 21st birthday, or, in a small number of cases, until age 23" (Protecting the Welfare of Minors, p.1)."

Tags:age, law, criminals, young, guradian, social, services, probation, attorney

Abstract
The paper examines how, at the present time, the North American, baby boomer, population is aging. The writer argues that medical technology has aggravated the problem of changed demographics through an extended life span, which is characterized by low quality of life. The paper discusses how the likelihood of young adults becoming caregivers for their chronically ill parents is increasing.

Tags:youngadults, parents, care

Abstract
The following paper reviews the changes that have occurred as a result of globalization. In particular, the paper argues that globalization has sparked particularist phenomena as well as cultural monism, has aggravated economic particularism even though interconnectedness is prevalent in the new world economy, and has eroded the nation-state (or at least offers the promise of doing so) even as there are rampant fears it will consolidate and strengthen superpower hegemony.

From the Paper
"One of the more noteworthy and startling developments of the last generation has been the emergence of globalization and, with it, the intensification of world-wide social relations. Indeed, relations between cultures and among nations have grown so profoundly entwined that events far away greatly impact events close to home. The following paper will examine three aspects of this phenomenon: the economic aspect, the cultural aspect, and the political aspect. In particular, the paper will argue that globalization is rapidly creating a world where national borders are irrelevant and national governments largely powerless."

Tags:global, village, changes

Abstract
This paper studies deportations of immigrants based on crimes of "moral turpitude". The paper analyzes where courts should draw the line on these crimes. The paper begins with an historical overview of the legal precedent for the decisions. Since early in the history of U.S. federal immigration laws, explains the paper, criminal activity has been grounds for denying admission to the country, as well as for expelling or deporting immigrants. In the past decade, however, the number of deportations has dramatically increased, as the category of crimes involving "moral turpitude" has been significantly expanded. This research-based paper cites relevant case law in arguing that standards should be made more uniform.

Outline:
Introduction
Legislative History
Deportation Factors and Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude
Drawing the Line in Cases involving Moral Turpitude
Immigration Cases Involving Crimes of Moral Turpitude
Effect of Discrepancies in Cases involving Moral Turpitude or Aggravated Felonies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As a result of the legislation, crimes involving moral turpitude, which rendered an individual deportable, essentially now included every possible offense. Cancellation relief is now wholly unavailable to anyone with an aggravated felony conviction. Asylum and withholding of removal, since 1990, have been likewise barred to aggravated felons. Withholding is now possible for an aggravated felon if the sentence was for less than five years, although immigration judges retain discretion to find that a lesser offense is nonetheless a particularly serious crime barring the criminal from refugee protections. The broadening of the definition of an aggravated felony has raised many questions as to where the line should be drawn involving crimes of moral turpitude. As a result of the broadening, practically any alien who commits a nontrivial crime, is subject to automatic expulsion. This is especially true if the crime fits one of the 21 paragraphs of the new definition of an aggravated felony. This result ensues even if the alien has been a lawful permanent resident since childhood, the crime and punishment took place decades ago, and he otherwise has a completely clean record."

Tags:citizenship, immigrtaion, illegal, immigrant, crime, felony, exportation, alien, migrant, case, law

Abstract
The violent crime rate in the United States today remains more than three times higher than during the decade following World War II. The aggravated assault rate is nearly four times what it was then and news reports commonly celebrate the current drop in crime rates to the levels of the late 1970s, but fail to note that by then the long road of unbroken annual crime increases had already tripled the rates of the 1950s. The paper shows, that based on the emerging epidemic of juvenile crime, the unknown impact of the coming wave of 'crack babies,' together with an array of other predictable or unpredictable changes, the potential for increases in crime continues and represents an enormous challenge for the criminal justice system in the U.S. today and in the future. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of law enforcement techniques in the United States during the period 1940 - 2003, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"This is not to say of course that relief is not available for victims or that all police officers are indifferent to the suffering and emotional trauma involved in violent crime. It is to say, however, the sheer numbers of victims who enter the criminal justice system today for the first time will predictably result in a number of them simply giving up in light of the lengthy prosecutions involved, the number of court appearances required, and the need to interrupt personal lives and jobs in order to satisfy the requirements of being a witness."

Tags:offender, three-strike, law, preventive, detention

Abstract
This paper explains that, after more than 100 years of union activity in the United States, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (also known as the Teamsters or Teamsters Union) leadership has harmed both labor relations and the union itself. The author points out that, from 1979 to 1984, a Teamster's official was indicted by federal authorities every eight days, 225 indictments for misdeeds ranging from racketeering to arson to aggravated assault to extortion, bribery, and pension fund embezzlement. The paper relates that, while the Teamsters are taken to task for flouting the law in ways that almost always cause harm to members, such as the continuing pension debacle, and while the leadership serves itself extremely well with salaries and perks, it continues to serve its members badly.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Worst of a Bad Lot
The Branch Doesn't Fall Far from the Tree
What Would Have Changed?
Even Better Full-Time Jobs for Leaders
What's Good for the Goose?
A Brief Glimpse of Camelot
Finest Hour

From the Paper
"In fact, the federal government finally placed the Central States Pension Fund (also known as the mafia bank) in trusteeship because of the Teamsters' leadership spending million in funds supposedly for retirement benefits on Mafia-related loans to Las Vegas casinos. While it is, Waldman admits, likely the Teamsters membership had higher wages, and thus made higher pension contributions, than they would have without the union, the sting of losing a great deal of their expected retirement income was another example of the poor "labor relations" conduct of the leadership."

Tags:kennedy, hoffa, ups, mafia, embezzlement

Abstract
This paper begins by providing a definition of lactose intolerance and a description of its relevance to nutrition, consumers, health care professionals, and patients. The writer explains that lactose intolerance is a disease aggravated by milk sugars. It can be controlled by diet, but often other measures must also be used to control the disease, including the use of dietary aids such as "Lactaid." The writer puts forth the argument that health care professionals must understand the treatment and problems associated with the disease to help their patients combat it. A major part of this understanding requires a knowledge and understanding of the principles of proper nutrition.

From the Paper
"Lactose intolerance affects millions of Americans. In fact, the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) estimates that 50 million Americans suffer from the disease, and it can make their lives miserable if it is not treated. The symptoms of lactose intolerance include stomach cramps, diarrhea, nausea, gas, painful bloating, and flatulence ("Living" 66). These symptoms can begin as soon as 30 minutes after consuming milk products, and can last for several hours. While the disease can exist from birth, it often occurs in older women, and many ethnic populations, including African Americans, Jews, Mexican-Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans. The AGA estimates that almost 75 percent of blacks and 90 percent of Asian Americans exhibit lactose intolerance (Editors). Thus, the disease can be considered an ethnic disease that affects the general population as well. Medically, the definition of the disease is the inability of the small intestine to break down and adsorb milk sugar (lactose)."

Tags:milk, allergy, diet, nutrition, lactaid