Abstract
The paper looks at the economic and social situation in the Oakwood/Eglinton areas, examining the integrationist efforts which have been undertaken to alleviate some of the struggles men, women and children face. The paper discusses the inclusionary tactics practiced by the larger communities housing Afro-Caribbean families and investigates the barriers which frustrate any sort of integrationist initiative. The paper concludes that the past and present have been difficult for recently-arrived Jamaicans in a city that prides itself on its racial tolerance, but there is hope that concerted community action can brighten the future.

From the Paper
"The first thing which must be done in a paper of this sort is to look at the economic and social situation which exists within Oakwood and within Eglinton. In truth (simply by glancing at the ward profiles provided on the official web site of the City of Toronto), it appears as though Oakwood and Eglinton are not conjoined as many might think at first glance. Furthermore, a look at the city's neighborhood profiles is only a little more helpful - and it, too, marks the two areas as distinct. Be that as it may, some things can certainly be deduced which offer insight into how the Jamaican community is treated in Canada. For one thing, when looking at household income distribution in the neighborhood of Oakwood-Vaughan (for 2001), it is striking that the income bracket with the largest percentage of the population is that bracket housing those making $10,000 - $19,999 per annum. Ironically, the next-largest income bracket is comprised of those making $100,000 per annum or more (City of Toronto, "Oakwood-Vaughan: Social Profile #3," 3)."

Tags:immigrants, inclusion, integration, racism, ethnicity, income, prejudice

Abstract
This paper discusses the book "The Killing Time" written by Gad Heuman. It describes how, in 1865, a few hundred Afro-Jamaican farmers and sugar workers advanced on Morant Bay, in retaliation for the way they had been treated politically, socially and economically, regardless that slavery had been abolished many decades earlier. The paper describes the events as set out in the book.

From the Paper
"According to Heuman, the 1865 rebellion came in large part as the culmination of grievances after the 1834 emancipation had led to ultimate freedom. The black majority still had unequal access to farmland, high taxes, unemployment, low pay and supervision primarily by white management personnel. Many of the African-Jamaicans were involved with the Great Revival that had encouraged a lack of credibility in the real outcome of the emancipation as a means of true freedom for the blacks. Many were members of the Native Baptist church, which for a long time had made up many of the judicial staff including judges, attorneys, police, justices of the peace and clerks for the parish affairs."

Tags:Afro-Jamaican, resurrection, colonial

Abstract
This paper explains that there are several issues that need to be taken into account when providing health care for different cultural groups. Issues such as different beliefs, social structure, and attitude towards death and dying are important components in providing health care. These concepts are discussed in relation to the Jamaican-American population.

From the Paper
"Cultural differences among patient populations can present significant challenges to the medical profession. Differences in beliefs concerning general health issues, disease, pain, communication and presentation, as well as differences in lifestyle diet, family structure, relationship to health-care, and social structure of the culture in question can not only cause miscommunication between healthcare workers, but can more importantly result in insufficient levels of care. Although the cultural component can affect all levels of interaction between patient and healthcare providers, it is often the nursing professionals that have the greatest exposure to these challenges. Further, because the nurse is often the best link between the patient and access to appropriate care, it is crucial for him or her to be aware of any cultural factors that might impact the level and appropriateness of care for a particular patient."

Tags:patient, care, provider, medical

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the Jamaican influences on the origins of hip hop music. The plan of the research will be to set forth the popular-culture origins of hip hop in the United States in the South Bronx of New York City, and then to discuss the influences and implications of Jamaican musical style on the development and dissemination of hip hop through American and non-American cultural venues.

The temporal origin of hip hop music, which is largely considered an American phenomenon although its influence has been felt in Europe and Asia, has been identified as the 1970s, and its origin of location as the South Bronx in New York. According to Dimitriadis, hip hop music was a key aspect of a more pervasive cultural innovation that exploited a species of performance art, flamboyant costume, and performer-induced .."

From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with African influences on Afro-American jazz and dance. The roots of Afro-American jazz can be traced back to the early 17th century, when African slaves were first brought to America from their homeland. These slaves came from various parts of Africa, and they brought a great variety of indigenous music and dance with them. In Africa, music and dance had played a vital role in both religious worship and everyday life. The tribal peoples of Africa had developed many types of songs for special occasions as well as specific dances which were intended to accompany the songs. The closely woven interrelationship between music and dance was thus strongly fixed in the minds of the early African slaves. As noted by one music historian, "in Africa . . . dance and song are intimately associated aspects of a single art" "

Abstract
Explores the multicultural and expanded immigration policies in Canada and its positive results on society.
Explains the success of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and offers reasons that Canada now attracts so many ethnic groups. The emphasis of the paper is on the Chinese and Jamaican ethnic groups.

From the Paper
"Canada is a multicultural country to which people come from different ethnic and national backgrounds, but all live in harmony here. Since the forming of multiculturalism and the expanded immigration policies, Canada has attracted people from all over the world that come here for a better education, better work and a better life in general. There has been a growing trend, from only a few ethnic groups in the past, to over eighty ethnic groups today, perhaps largely due to the very successful Canadian Multiculturalism Act."

Tags:immigrantsincanada, jamaicans, chinese

Abstract
This paper is an overview of Afro-American history, beginning with slavery in the 1700s. The author looks at how slavery affected the nuclear family, both economically and psychologically, and how this pattern continues to be prevalent in today's Afro-American families. Some of the issues discussed include, the owner-slave relationship, marriages between slaves and how slavery affected children and their identity. The paper also looks at the post-Emancipation period and the hardships that the freed slaves continued to encounter including poverty, unemployment and racial discrimination. According to the author, migration from the South to the North was one of the most significant changes that occurred as a result of Emancipation. The Afro-American families' strong bond, which may not be categorized as a
'traditional' but 'extended' family can be traced back to the period of slavery and in this author's opinion, shows the strengths of the community as a whole.

From the Paper
"Roberson reported that some of the migrating families were quite large, with six or seven children. It could be very difficult to find housing to old a family of that size, even with extensive family and community support. So often, these parents would have to make hard decisions to break the family apart, at least temporarily. Some of the children would be taken in by aunts and uncles, but given that the extended family was so strong, connected and well bonded together, this wasn't as wrenching as it might have been. The extended family continued to watch out for and support the new arrivals until they had work and a place to stay. (Roberson, accessed 2002)"

Tags:slavery, emancipation, bonds, owners, marriage, matriarchial, community, harsh, life, nuclear, farmers, discrimination, racial, migration, rural, urban, stable

Abstract
This paper focuses on the issue of African-American women and feminism, from the 1960s to the present, while focusing on the views and opinions of various authors such as Patricia Hill Collins. Collins, a powerful voice in matters of black feminist epistemology, contends that because black women have access to both the Afro-centric and feminist standpoints, then, for a full analysis, both traditions should be represented through an "alternative epistemology." Collins also states that the key dimension of an Afro-centric feminist epistemology is the black woman's centrality in families and community organizations.
The writer of this paper discusses the issues that pertained to many African-American women in the 1960s and 1970s, who felt that the objectives and practices of feminism pertained mainly to white women. In the early 1970s, black feminists challenged this situation, questioning the assumption that white feminists spoke for all women and demanded -and eventually were given- women's studies programs on the experiences, culture and literature of black women. At that time, the activist black women who made the demands were denounced for espousing black nationalism, nonetheless, appropriate courses on "women of color" were eventually added to the women's studies' curriculum, which are detailed in this paper. This paper examines the progress and empowerment of African-American women over the years who are now able to lead in ways they had never thought possible, prior to 1960.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Main Body of the Paper: Literature Review
Epistemology
Conclusion
References
References Not Included in the Body of the Paper

From the Paper
"In her book, Collins suggests that the Black feminist thought processes speaks to "the importance that knowledge plays in empowering oppressed people." Moreover, Black feminist thought offers a "fundamental paradigmatic shift in how we think about oppression," though the process of reconceptualizing "the social relations of domination and resistance." Black feminist thought also empowers "subordinate groups" by infusing them with "new knowledge" that helps them define the reality of their own existence. What is impressive about Collins - besides the fact that clearly she's brilliant, alert to what real Black women are doing and feeling - is that she is fair-minded when it comes to her scholarship, and generally eschews long and emotional harangues about the white culture, and about white feminist epistemology that has in the past stood in the way of African-American feminists reaching out to the world with their vision."

Tags:women, racism, rights, feminism, education, spirituality, literature, patricia, hill, collins

Abstract
This paper explains that, in pop music, audience enjoyment and commercial success are more important than artistic concepts, such as complex musical form and aesthetics. All pop music, which is any contemporary music not categorized as jazz or classical, the author contends, evolves from another kind of music, such as hip hop that stems from folk, rhythm & blues, jazz, country and gospel music. The paper examines hip hop music, a term used interchangeably with rap music, and salsa, which actually is American music from New York with an Afro-Cuban origination. An annotated bibliography is included.

From the Paper
"Woody Guthrie popularized the style and he is known to be the innovator of it. More recently, Bob Dylan, who was strongly influenced by Guthrie, also utilized this style and brought life back to it in the 1960's. It came to be a trademark of country music (think of Willie Nelson), and can be considered an early predecessor of rap. As can be seen in comparison, hip hop grew out of this same tradition. Hip hop is known for stripping down the melody, emphasizing the rhythm, and incorporating verbalization along with vocal spontaneity and improvisation."

Tags:improvisation, electronic amplification, jamaican dancehall, griots immigration

Abstract
This paper discusses Caribbean families and how even though they are marked by internal consistency and continuity of Caribbean kinship, they also have been shaped by the factors of slavery, plantation systems, and poverty. The paper further discusses how the Caribbean has its own family ideology and culture, and the Afro-Caribbean family system contains such basic principles as matrifocality and deep kinship networks. Jamaican society has a long history of family and conjugal union breakdown.

Tags:expectations, contrast, youth