Abstract
This paper reviews the perspectives put forth by John Thornon in his book 'Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800'. The paper specifically looks at a large number of examples in Thornon's book, showing how community was created and maintained by the African people as they came to the New World, as well as some of the pre-existing conditions in Africa prior to colonization and enslavement.

From the Paper
"The perspective on African cultures and commercialism presented by Thornton in his book Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 is primarily that the African people who were eventually assimilated into colonial European and American culture were intensely capable, independent and adaptable. He does this through many examples of Africans' competencies and skills, as well as their seemingly indestructible integrity and resourcefulness, as will be seen below. One of Thornton's early examples is the African people's ability to provide for their own basic needs, even after contact with Europeans and the initiation of early trade with them. Despite some views of Africans as "backwards" at that time, Thornton shows that they were "quite capable of providing for the continent's needs" (44)."

Tags:thornton, africans, community

Abstract
The writer of this paper focuses on the overtly condescending style of writing in "Africa and Africans' by Paul Boahnnan and Philip Curtin. An example of this style of writing can be seen by the fact that the authors blame the African people for their wasteful method of farming and the resulting food crisis. This paper details the manners in which the authors stereotype and over generalize in their description of African culture, art, society, religion and other lifestyle factors. The writer of this paper describes each chapter of the book and points out if and where the authors misrepresented certain facts. While the original intent of the authors was to dispel various myths of the African people and their culture, this paper proves why the opposite result was achieved.

From the Paper
"Chapter two reiterates American ignorance in the opening sentence, wherein the authors state, "Africa is a part of the world about which Americans and Europeans can no longer afford to be ignorant." Although ignorance surrounding this continent does indeed seem prevalent across the Western Hemisphere, it is a mistake to assume that all Americans and Europeans are ignorant. However, this chapter becomes less controversial as it evenly describes the actual land and its geographical compositions, instead of general and populous compositions. Still, it seems paradoxical that the authors, while writing in hostile undertones of American ignorance, admit that much of the continent is navigable, due to its swells and basins; hence, it seems that the ignorance is more widespread than the asserted limitations to Americans and Europeans."

Tags:africa, art, culture, book, review, style

Abstract
This paper is based on John Thornton's book Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World 1400-1800. It will focus on the way Thornton shifts attention away from the terrible consequences of slavery in Africa and loss of culture by slaves shipped to America.

Abstract
This paper examines the racial tensions that exist between the Franco-French and North African immigrants within France. It first examines the history of French immigration and focuses on immigration from Africa. The paper then looks at the impact of anti-immigration policies implemented within the last twenty-five years and socio-religious issues in France. Aslo examined are the 2005 riots that occurred in France and the factors that influenced them. A pie chart, graph, and table are included with the paper.

From the Paper
"No single group is at fault for the problems that exist between the Franco-French and North African immigrants. In a country known for a tremendous sense of national pride, it is inevitable that any large group with a culture that differs from the norm could seem a threat. However, as the immigrants adapt French for their own purposes, creating verlan, which is, in turn adopted by the larger French population, it is clear that each group has the potential to make valuable contributions to the other, if only given the chance."

Tags:population, race, riots

Abstract
The paper relates that in the development of slavery in North America, the potential slave owners had three potential groups of slaves to choose from. The paper explores why they chose to use slaves from Africa, rather than enslaving Indians or choosing to rely on white servants? This paper discusses how Blacks ended up as slaves as opposed to Native Americans or white indentured servants.

From the Paper
'In the development of slavery in North America, the potential slave owners had three potential groups of slaves to choose from. Why did they choose to use slaves from Africa, rather than enslaving Indians or choosing to rely on white servants? Africans ended up as the source of slaves from a combination of accident, the process of elimination through disadvantages of other groups, and for their perceived suitability for the type of labor..."

Tags:slavery, indians, blacks

Abstract
This paper discusses the history and culture of the recent immigrants to the United States from Africa and the Caribbean. It details how these immigrants are labeled as "African Americans" and lumped into the same sub-culture as the veteran African American population of the United States since the slave-trade. These two population groups are compared for their manners, cultures and social norms. A history of African immigration to America is provided.

From the Paper
"The African Americans, or Black Americans as they are called, are the largest minority group in the United States, after the Hispanic Americans. This is a racial group whose ancestry is believed to be from the sub-Saharan Africa. However, there are some African Americans who claim to have their roots from the European immigrants, Native American or the Asians. In general the African American populations is usually referred to as Negroes, blacks and Afro-Americans. "

Tags:negros, black, afro, immigrant, social, culture, slave, caribbean, islam, heritage

Abstract
An overview of women educators in the Pan-African movement, covering the era of slavery in the U.S. until the 20th century, with comparisons of different approaches and theories of educating Africans.

From the Paper
"With every conference that has been held or organization established, Pan-Africanists have espoused the ideals of Black nationhood, economic independence and self-knowledge in order to combat the subjugating values of American and European society. It is only right then, that some would attempt to carry out this task by traveling to Africa, with the purpose of imparting knowledge onto their African sisters and brothers."

Tags:african, americans, movements, social, women

Abstract
African people and culture have contributed in a very significant way towards world civilization. This paper shows that historical, archaeological, and anthropological evidence supports the theory that the civilization of ancient Egypt, the first that history records, was actually Negroid in origin and that the original inhabitants of the Nile Valley were black Africans, subsequently displaced by the migration of Arabs and Europeans. The paper also examines empires like the Ashanti and the Songhai, which were so dominant in matters of trade and warfare that they actually rivaled their European counterparts, even in pre-colonial eras.

From the Paper
"African people and culture have contributed in a very significant way towards world civilization. According to Diop, the historical, archeological and anthropological evidence supports the theory that the civilization of ancient Egypt, the first that history records, was actually Negroid in origin {Diop, 1974}. No matter how the truth is bended, the fact remains that the original inhabitors of the Nile Valley area now called Egypt were black Africans, subsequently displaced by the migration of Arabs and Europeans into the African Continent. The Pyramids of Egypt stands as a testament to the black origins of world civilization. With lots of irrefutable evidence, history could no longer deny the fact that civilization started in Africa in the Nile valley, where pre-historic tools were first discovered. The Pyramids of Egypt, one of the Seven Wonders of the World still bewilder Scientists and Structural Engineers who still have no clues or theories explaining how those structures were put together."

Tags:leadership, pyramids, sahara

Abstract
The paper discusses how European colonialists and explorers regarded the native inhabitants of the Americas as inferior beings. The paper explains the greater hunger for wealth in the centuries after the discovery of the New World that led to the slavery of Native Americans and Africans to raise tobacco and bring prosperity to the colonies. Thus, the paper shows how a demarcation between individuals of different inherent worth as human beings marked early American civilization, even while Europeans sought religious and economic liberty in the new land.

From the Paper
""They have no iron, steel, or weapons, nor are they capable of using them" (Davis & Mintz 32) .This phrase of Christopher Columbus briefly and terribly sums up the attitude of the Europeans to the inhabitants of the New World. European colonialists and explorers regarded the native inhabitants of the Americas as inferior beings. Native cultures were to be judged solely upon how perfectly they embodied a European model of civilization. Unsurprisingly, these indigenous civilizations, both those of Central as well as North America, were seen as lacking. Native Americans were seen as militarily, intellectually, and therefore culturally defenseless in the face of European might."

Tags:tobacco, colonies, slavery, disease, Indians, New, World

Abstract
This paper is in the format of an essay on "Africans in America: America's Journey Through Slavery", by Charles Johnson and Patricia Smith. The author provides an autobiographical sketch of Johnson and Smith and analyzes the content and quality of the book.