Abstract
African nationalism has played a significant role in the resistance against foreign domination and has been a major influence in the lives of Africans throughout much of the continent. This paper looks at how African nationalism is often defined as the political movement that called for African unity in the struggle for self-determination against colonial regimes. Its general history is summarized in this paper.

From the Paper
"Mills (n.d) provides a description of how African nationalist groups were formed during the years prior to resistance. He explains that African Initiated Churches (AIC's) were prominent groups that staged resistance some 10-20 years prior to the formation of actual nationalist groups. AIC's came into existence throughout Africa beginning in the 1890's and were initially in response to African concerns on the domination by whites over church finances and offices."

Tags:African, National, Congress, colonialism, AIC, Pan-Africanism

Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.

Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."

Tags:African-American, women, breast, cancer, tumor, treatment, detection

Abstract
This paper discusses Pan-Africanism, a movement based on the 19th century desire to end slavery not only in the United States but also in South American and the Caribbean. It was from this era that Black people throughout the world decided that the way to address many of the issues they experienced as a race was to work together as a team. The paper describes the international meetings held to discuss this issue and also highlights the leadership of the Pan-African movement. The author concludes that the Pan-Africanism movement was and still is a positive team-oriented effort to introduce the African-American culture to the world and to share the common bond among people worldwide who share an African ancestral background.

Outline:
Introduction
In a Nutshell
Harlem Renaissance
The Arts
Conclusion

From the Paper
"When one studies the topic of Pan-Africanism one is not studying a single element in history but instead is studying a wide range of events and cultural preferences that go along with African American history and culture. Experts agree that there is not a single definition for the term Pan-Africanism but the term itself does define it as an independent idea. The concept of Pan-Africanism is based in the 19th century desire to end slavery. At that time slavery was not only an issue in the United States but was also an issue in several other nations including South American and the Caribbean(Definition of Pan-Africanism? http://geography.about.com/b/a/012445.htm). It was from this era that Black people throughout the world decided that the way to solve many of the problems that the race was experiencing was work together as a team."

Tags:Pan-Africanism, Harlem, Renaissance, slavery

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the Pan-African Movement, black women have stood beside black men to combat the indoctrination of the race by Western and European ideals. Next, the author examines the method of educational adaptation, used by these colonizers, which nonetheless was similar to the controversial model of the Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington. The paper details the work of African-American female educators, such as Adelaide Casely Hayford, who sought to free the Africans spiritually and teach them skills to be more self-reliant, unlike the colonizers who used education to keep Africans in their place.

From the Paper
"Though Hayford encountered numerous obstacles while trying to secure funds for her dream, she never gave up. Facing too much opposition from members of the elite, Creole Freetown community, Hayford traveled to the United States to find financial backing. It is important to note that while in the West, Hayford never compromised her pride in her African heritage and wore African clothing everywhere she traveled; as well as displayed African arts and crafts.
"Financially the trip was not a success with Hayford being unable to raise enough money. Still, much can be said about her commitment to cultural nationalism."

Tags:adaptation, subjugating values, cultural nationalism, missionaries, all-african university

Abstract
Upon initial review, the task of comparing and contrasting the formulation of African Canadian identity in Dionne Brand's No Language is Neutral and George Elliott Clarke's Whylah Falls is undeniably challenging. In the works of both poets the representation of what it means to be African Canadian is extraordinarily disparate and complex. In this analysis, as this essay will argue, the common theme which defines both poets' representation of African Canadian identity is that of "exile". As will be seen, both writers are, to a remarkable degree, poets of place. As suggested in the epigraph from Brand above, it is through geographic and metaphoric "place" that one defines oneself. From this perspective, to be "African Canadian" for each poet is to "make sense" through multiple places, with an identity that resists easy reduction to essentialist models and, instead, is defined by diversity and multiple origins.

From the Paper
The Formulation of African Canadian Identity in No Language is Neutral and Whylah Falls "this is where you make sense" (Brand "Hard Against the Soul" 4) Upon initial review, the task of comparing and contrasting the formulation of African Canadian identity in Dionne Brand's No Language is Neutral and George Elliott Clarke's Whylah Falls is undeniably challenging. In the works of both poets the representation of what it means to be African Canadian is extraordinarily disparate and complex. In this analysis, as this essay will argue, the common theme which defines both poets'

Tags:canada, african, literature

Abstract
This paper discusses how the modern African American musical experience is rooted in ancient times. These roots go back to ancient Egypt and their conquests of the Nubians. The paper further discusses how the language of African tribes is tonal and one word might have several meanings in different tones. The talking drums of several countries mimic this quality of language. Despite the reputation of being a simply aural and oral musical tradition, African tribal music actually did have a complex local style of musical notation available to it.

From the Paper
" The musical history of any region is important. African music has taken on an even greater significance due to its importance not only to its country of origin, but also due to its importance in the countries to which it spread. African American music has its roots in tribal cultures. It has lent its influence not only to African American popular culture, but to religion as well. Tribal Music The ancient history of African music is confused at best. It is undoubtedly conflated with the music of the Old Kingdom Egyptian music, when Egypt dominated and colonized the Nubians (Hester, 2005, p. 1). Hester comments that "surprisingly, the history of Egyptian music presents little evidence of the use of drums prior to 2000 B.C." (2005, p. 1). "

Tags:african, american, music

Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the above short stories. It looks at the marital relationships of the couples in each of these three works. The writer's focus is on the issue of change and how it can alter a relationship. The paper analyzes each of the African couples and highlights how they are examples of changing African relationships. In conclusion the paper argues that these characters illustrate African culture in vivid detail and portray women as having no rights or rights to feelings. It argues that culturally these relationships seem unacceptable to our western standards and that African women are beginning to recognize this too and stand up for their rights.

From the Paper
"Garesego and Dikeledi have a typical African relationship. The man has all the power and does whatever he pleases, even abuses his wife if he chooses. The wives have no power, and that is why so many of them end up in prison for killing their husbands, they have no other alternative in their unhappy and abusive lives. "To this day, women still suffered from all the calamities that befall an inferior form of human life" (Head 59). Garesego does not take responsibility for his family and his actions, and leaves Dikeledi with three children while he carouses and enjoys himself. Dikeledi admits she has never been happy in her life, and her marriage was no exception. Their relationship, and the contrasting relationship of her next-door neighbors, shows how culture clashes in modern Africa."

Tags:marital, african, culture, vivid, western

Abstract
This paper studies the painting "In an African Setting", by Aaron Douglas. As the paper explains, through the Public Works Act, African-American artist Aaron Douglas was commissioned by the Harlem Branch of the New York Public Library to compose works on African-American history. The paper studies the piece's form, technique and symbolic significance.

From the Paper
"In this particular work, Douglas' use of sharp edges and repetitive designs was greatly influenced by African sculptures, jazz music, dance and geometric forms. "In An African Setting", was in fact part of a larger collection. The work was a four panel series that was used to communicate the distance that the African American had traveled, from freedom in Africa, to slavery in the United States, to the challenges of freedom after the Civil War. The first panel, and most famous, depicts an African man and woman dancing to the beat of drums."

Tags:african, american, great, depression, slavery, art, deco

Abstract
An overview of women educators in the Pan-African movement, covering the era of slavery in the U.S. until the 20th century, with comparisons of different approaches and theories of educating Africans.

From the Paper
"With every conference that has been held or organization established, Pan-Africanists have espoused the ideals of Black nationhood, economic independence and self-knowledge in order to combat the subjugating values of American and European society. It is only right then, that some would attempt to carry out this task by traveling to Africa, with the purpose of imparting knowledge onto their African sisters and brothers."

Tags:african, americans, movements, social, women

Abstract
Since the fifteenth century, when explorers first began to discover Africa's wealth of natural resources, European nations conquered and colonized African territories. The imperialists exploited resources while putting little back into the country in terms of industrial development, health and educational facilities, or stable political systems. Believing their ways superior and fearing cultures and religions they did not understand, they brought missionaries to spread Christianity and rescue Africans from traditional beliefs they considered ignorant and superstitious. As a result of European intervention, with Africans forced to accept Westernization, much of the native religion and culture has been lost forever.

Tags:colonization, african, culture