Abstract
This paper explains that, while traditional medicine is used by an overwhelming majority of the people of the world today, traditional medicine practitioners are increasingly recognizing the efficacy of Western health care modalities and many are incorporating these techniques into their practices. The author points out that traditional medicine is a particularly favored approach for some mental health issues in Africa and the Caribbean where sufferers steadfastly believe that such mental health maladies can only be resolved with such techniques. The paper relates that the integration of costly Western medicine into traditional medicine practices ultimately may make these techniques too expensive for many consumers, leaving these patients to be treated by traditional medicine practitioners armed with a pantheon of evil spirits and herbal remedies for virtually any ailment including HIV/AIDS . Table.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Traditional Medicine in the African/Caribbean Context
Integration of Traditional Medicine Methods in Mental Health Care Settings
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There are dramatically different levels of funding provided by the different countries for health care purposes in these regions of the world; for example, in Kenya, individual private-sector payments represent 41 percent of total outlays for health and such expenditures account for 75-80 percent of total health care costs in Sudan. This author reports that private-sector payments in many African nations are used for traditional medicine treatments even if alternative methods are available. In Guinea, for example, private expenditures on health have already exceeded official government expenditures on health care. Likewise, private health care spending in Benin is already reportedly higher than the ministry of health recurrent budget, and in Ethiopia, private expenditures represent 66 percent of the total financing for modern health care."

Tags:costs, integration, who, cultures, pain

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects the African and Caribbean diaspora has had on the African-American population throughout history. Three subtopics are covered. The first is a discussion of how it has affected the identity of African-Americans through a loss of cultural heritage. The second subtopic deals with effects on the family and how gender roles of men and women within the household have been switched. Thirdly, the loss of self-value suffered by African-Americans from a collective feeling of inferiority to white Americans and the American upper class are discussed. By the conclusion of this paper, the reader should have a sound understanding of the factors that have shaped the current African-American culture and the struggles they still face.

From the Paper
"As stated in the introduction, the African and Caribbean diaspora refers to the forced migration of African peoples from their homelands to other parts of the world, mainly North America and the Caribbean. This paper will focus mainly around the forced North American migration. The term 'forced' is used because that was exactly how the migration came about. Put bluntly, an astounding number of African people were abducted from their homelands, separated from their families, and shipped like cargo to different areas of the world, including North America. From the first moment of abduction, African people were subjected to a series of cruel treatments meant to dehumanize and prepare them for a life to be lived as property, as slaves. The brutal and malicious acts Africans were helplessly subjected to attacked their self-value and succeeded in eroding their view of themselves not only as a collective African people, but also as human beings."

Tags:racism, homeland, identity, migration

Abstract
A review of the article "Knowledge and Attitudes Toward HIV/ADS and Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Caribbean African-American Female Adolescents" by Archibald (2007).

From the Paper
""Knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/ADS and risky sexual behaviors among Caribbean African-American female adolescents" by Archibald. The author's qualifications for this article include her PhD and RN status. The purpose of the article was to present a study that identified and described the knowledge and attitudes toward the topic in the population of Caribbean African-American female adolescents. Findings are significant since this population continues to be at risk for HIV/AIDS. The author supported their study with a discussion of the..."

Tags:"Knowledge, an, d, attitudes, toward, HIV/ADS, and, risky, sexual, behaviors, among, Caribbean, African, American, female, adolescents, by, Archibald, (2007)

Abstract
The Caribbean is where nations were created in part by the European slave trade. Trade for metals and sugar prompted competing European nations to import enslaved African people. They were forced to work with West Indians. These exploited peoples collaborated in order to overthrow their oppressors. Overthrowing oppressors requires two steps that lead toward independence: resistance and revolution. This paper will look at how resistance and revolution are closely related elements of a struggle to gain freedom whenever it is withheld. Two different approaches to revolution were used in Haiti and Cuba, because their situations were different.

From the Paper
The Caribbean is where nations were created in part by the European slave trade. Trade for metals and sugar prompted competing European nations to import enslaved African people. They were forced to work with West Indians. These exploited peoples collaborated in order to overthrow their oppressors. Overthrowing oppressors requires two steps that lead toward independence: resistance and revolution. This paper will look at how resistance and revolution are closely related elements of a struggle to gain freedom whenever it is withheld. Two different approaches to revolution were used in Haiti and Cuba, because their situations were different.

Tags:caribbean, resistance, revolution

Abstract
The most striking aspect of the Caribbean identity today is the cultural, ethnic and religious diversity of this region, particularly in relation to its size. Colonization, slavery and resistance, in some form (as well as the legacies of these) are all elements of history that the countries of the Caribbean share, although their experiences have been far from identical. In the recent part this diversity and separation has given rise to synthesis, or merger of African, European and East Indian cultures, the blending of different cultural elements to form a new, distinct form, a Caribbean culture in its own tight. This paper will examine the relationship between class, colour and culture in the Caribbean society, on the past as well as in the present.

From the Paper
Class, Colour and culture in the Caribbean The most striking aspect of the Caribbean identity today is the cultural, ethnic and religious diversity of this region, particularly in relation to its size. Colonization, slavery and resistance, in some form (as well as the legacies of these) are all elements of history that the countries of the Caribbean share, although their experiences have been far from identical. In the recent part this diversity and separation has given rise to synthesis, or merger of African, European and East Indian cultures, the blending of different cultural elements to form a new, distinct form, a Caribbean culture in its own tight. This paper will examine the

Tags:caribbean, race, culture

Abstract
The paper discusses how when the European colonialists came to the Caribbean, many of them assumed that the Caribbean had no intellectual tradition of any consequence, for example, Gordon Lewis assumed that European colonists could transform what little Caribbean intellectual tradition there was into a cultural tabula rasa, onto which it could rewrite Caribbean culture. The paper explains that all of this of course is based on an assumption (and a reality) of extreme inequality between the European tradition and the Caribbean intellectual tradition.

From the Paper
"When the European colonialists came to the Caribbean, many of them assumed that the Caribbean had no intellectual tradition of any consequence - for example, Gordon Lewis assumed that European colonists could transform what little Caribbean intellectual tradition there was into a cultural tabula rasa, onto which it could rewrite Caribbean culture. All of this of course is based on an assumption (and a reality) of extreme inequality between the European tradition and the Caribbean intellectual tradition."

Tags:caribana, african, canadian

Abstract
This paper discusses the history and culture of the recent immigrants to the United States from Africa and the Caribbean. It details how these immigrants are labeled as "African Americans" and lumped into the same sub-culture as the veteran African American population of the United States since the slave-trade. These two population groups are compared for their manners, cultures and social norms. A history of African immigration to America is provided.

From the Paper
"The African Americans, or Black Americans as they are called, are the largest minority group in the United States, after the Hispanic Americans. This is a racial group whose ancestry is believed to be from the sub-Saharan Africa. However, there are some African Americans who claim to have their roots from the European immigrants, Native American or the Asians. In general the African American populations is usually referred to as Negroes, blacks and Afro-Americans. "

Tags:negros, black, afro, immigrant, social, culture, slave, caribbean, islam, heritage

Abstract
This paper describes the British colonization of the Caribbean until 1700, with an in-depth look at the reasons for the settlement of this region. According to the paper, a major factor influencing this was to provide cheap labor for farms, which was the beginning of the African slave trade. These workers provided the backbone for the successful sugar plantations, replacing indentured European labor, and soon Barbados and Jamaica became valuable territories. The paper concludes by stating that the history of colonialism in the Caribbean is largely a history of wealth built upon exploitation.

From the Paper
"The British colonized much of the Caribbean. To provide cheap labour for their farms, they began developing the African slave trade. These workers provided the backbone for the successful sugar plantations, replacing indentured European labour, and soon Barbados and Jamaica became valuable territories. However, the history of colonialism in the Caribbean is largely a history of wealth built upon exploitation, as will be described in this essay. In 1492 Columbus found the Bahamas in the Caribbean, and subsequently the Spanish shipped the natives off the islands in the northern Caribbean to..."

Tags:caribbean, british, spanish

Abstract
Although Haitian culture is a unique mix that blends many other cultures to form its own, many of the roots of this cultural representation can be traced to African culture, especially West African. This paper shows that, because most of the inhabitants of Haiti are of African descent, African culture plays a key role in the culture of the island and manifests itself in many ways in a reflection of present and emerged patterns in Haitian cultural history. In family structures, gender, religion, and other areas of culture, it is clear that African culture has had a great deal of influence over Haitian culture before and since the existence of Haiti as an independent country.

From the Paper
"According to tradition, the spirits of Vodou followed the slaves from Africa to the Caribbean, where Vodou was set up as an inseparable part of Haitian history and culture, and therefore African culture in its
relation to Haitian culture as a continuance and point of influence. Since Vodou was frowned upon by the French during their time ruling the island before the revolution, it had to take on some trappings of Catholicism as a way to disguise the religion. Thus, Vodou continues to have elements that would be familiar to students of Catholicism."

Tags:Benin, Caribbean, Creole

Abstract
The paper looks at how Barbara Bush, in her analysis of sex, race and class in creole society in the Caribbean, notes that until recent decades the primary focus of historical analysis of the slavery/plantation era in Caribbean history had been on the economics and institutionalized aspects of slavery. The paper discusses how she notes, that more recently, this view of Caribbean history has been complicated by increasing attention paid to the everyday lives of African slaves, free blacks, Creoles and whites during this period (Bush 245). This essay argues the thesis that this historiographic shift of emphasis is profoundly significant, as it allows us to understand the full complexity of Caribbean society at this time and the agency of even slaves to negotiate their identities amid extraordinary institutionalized oppression and violence. As is seen, with reference to both scholarly works as well as the fictionalized account of slave life during this time in "I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem", the incorporation of the concept "creolization" into an analysis of this society problematizes the absolutism of slavery and acknowledges the capacity of humans to empower themselves under even the most restrictive conditions.

From the Paper
"Barbara Bush, in her analysis of sex, race and class in creole society in the Caribbean, notes that until recent decades the primary focus of historical analysis of the slavery/plantation era in Caribbean history had been on the economics and institutionalized aspects of slavery. More recently, she notes, this view of Caribbean history has been complicated by increasing attention paid to the everyday lives of African slaves, free blacks, Creoles and whites during this period (Bush 245). This essay will argue the thesis that this historiographic shift of emphasis is profoundly..."

Tags:identity, creole, slavery