Abstract
This paper gives an account of the manner in which African Americans as a group are perceived by whites to behave. It further discusses how the white culture thinks African Americans should behave. According to the paper, whites set higher standards for African Americans. A history of slavery and racism in the U.S. Civil Rights movement is also examined.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine assumptions about culture and race that help explain the way one demographic group, African Americans, is perceived to behave. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical and social context in which issue fronts emerge on this topic and then discuss the content of misaligned logic and prejudices that inform faulty cultural and racial assumptions associated with the African Americans. In the background of any meaningful discussion of culture and race in the United States there looms..."

Tags:Zora Neale Hurston, African Americans, Martin Luther King, civil rights, affirmative action, W.E.B. Dubois, black culture, perceptions of blacks

Abstract
This paper outlines the basic principles of self-help philosophy and apply those principles to African-American Adult education. It specifically looks at the positive and negative impacts of a self-awareness driven along racial lines and how these impacts can alter the personal growth and development of African Americans seeking adult education.

From the Paper
"Contemporary self-help developments vary from weekly support groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous to such popular relationship-coaching books as 'Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus'. Although the self-help phenomenon may seem a recent one, it in fact began nearly one hundred and fifty years ago with Samuel Smiles release in 1859 of Self-help (Self-help, 2005, sec. History). Self-help was the defining text of a new movement to help through education and empowerment. Even the best institutions can give a man no active help. Perhaps the most they can do is, to leave him free to develop himself and improve his individual condition (Smiles as cited in Halsall, 1998, para. 3). "Self-help" as Smiles defined it did not, however, become a popular idea involving successful cultural institutions until the release of L. Ron Hubbard's Dianetics in 1950 (Self-help, 2005, sec. History)."

Tags:self, help, african, americans

Abstract
The paper argues that sports, as it is today, was an important part of the struggle for equality for African Americans in the 19th and early 20th century. The paper explains that rather than a distraction, it provided a diverse range of possible ways for African Americans to demonstrate their diversity and skills. The paper relates that in the debate between the philosophies of Washington and DuBois, sport provided opportunities to answer the challenges both ways.

From the Paper
"Sports were definitely an effective tool that African Americans used to satisfy a desire for freedom, equality and humanity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To call participation in sports a simple "distraction" is to ignore the role of sports in America and the diversity of interests found in African American culture both then and now. First, a community as large, diverse and rich as existed among Blacks in that time period must express itself in a wide range of ways. Having some athletes among a talented population of musicians, writers, and philosophers, does not diminish the accomplishments of those other fields,..."

Tags:sport, african american, equality

Abstract
This paper traces the history of African Americans in America, beginning with slavery. The paper discusses how Africans were brought to America as slaves in large numbers beginning in the seventeenth century and continuing up to the beginning of the Civil War. The paper further points out how the presence of so many Africans in the New World was addressed at the Constitutional Convention. The paper concludes by highlighting how many in the North became part of a growing abolitionist movement to end slavery, and these groups included many freed slaves.

From the Paper
"Africans were brought to America as slaves in large numbers beginning in the seventeenth century and continuing up to the beginning of the Civil War. The presence of so many Africans in the New World was addressed at the Constitutional Convention when for purposes of representation slaves were deemed to be 3/5 of a citizen. Slavery was known as the "peculiar institution" and became very closely tied with the economic interests of the Old South. Many group in the North became part of a growing abolitionist movement to end slavery, and these groups included many freed slaves. A key the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), first organized in..."

Tags:african, american, history

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the Reconstruction period and examines how the African-Americans were treated. The writer also discusses that there were issues that Caucasian individuals had to deal with as well, and many of these issues also affected the African-American population. The writer concludes that African-Americans have never completely gained their freedom, but things are working toward more freedom for African-Americans. The writer maintains that when they are no longer judged by the color of their skin, they will truly be free.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
African-Americans and Bias
Violence and Significance
Problems with Reconstruction
The Emancipation Proclamation
Land Grants and Job Opportunities
Masters and Freedmen
The Freedom of African-Americans
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Originally, the Reconstruction was hailed as a terribly boring time in U.S. history, but much of it is rich with interesting information and recently some credibility has come back to it, designating it a part of history that deserves further study. Many believed that everything that was learned and accomplished throughout the Reconstruction had been lost before it was actually over and that the idea of social improvement that it carried ended up being a failure. However, some of the things that were accomplished during the reconstruction and a great deal of what was learned remained with the country after it was over and built the foundations for many of the things that go on today.
The Reconstruction period was very valuable for many reasons and not all of these had to do with the emancipation of African-American individuals. Examples such as the slaves who took care of Jefferson Davis's plantation after he died indicated that African-Americans were very much interested in the reconstruction and found it very valuable."

Tags:slaves, Caucasians, color, suffering

Abstract
The paper relates the history of education for African-Americans and explores problems relating to education legislation. The paper looks at present education issues and concerns for African-American students and examines statistics relating to their drop-out rates. The paper concludes that there has been progress, to a degree, in educational attainment of the aspirations of African-American students, although there are still barriers.

Outline:
Introduction
History of Education for African Americans
Noted Problems Relating to Education Legislation
Present Education Issues and Concerns for African-American Students
Statistics Relating to Drop-out Rates of African-Americans
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of Allen and Jewell (2002) states that: "...the Black struggle for higher education is an apt metaphor for the larger Black struggles for citizenship, self-determination and personhood in this society." The historical account of the African American race in obtaining access to higher education in the United States is characterized by many ups and downs. The aspirations of the African American individual of attaining higher education have been historically unattained due to existing barriers to higher education of Black individuals."

Tags:minorities, diversity, legislation, drop-out, rates, Brown, v., Board, of, Education

Abstract
This paper explains how the advertising world has come to appreciate the spending potential of African Americans, and how the use of music is a valuable tool in reaching these consumers. The paper includes a literature review on the subject and seeks to determine whether the use of music can also be effective in the automobile adverts to this minority group by asking what impact music has on advertising and consumer behavior. It also looks at the effect that music has on African American's and their purchasing behaviors. The paper concludes that music might be useful in persuading this group to spend more and advertisers should be careful not to use standard "black music" since little research has been done on their preferences.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Research Questions
Music
Music in Car Advertisements
African Americans and Music
Targeting African Americans
Are African-Americans Worth Targeting
Conclusion

From the Paper
''Persuasion is one of the key objectives of advertisers and they have varying tools to help impact the persuasiveness of a particular message they want audiences to take away from an ad. Music is sometimes used in television advertisements to contribute to the persuasiveness of a message and has the potential to affect the mood of the consumer and create a societal context for the ad. Advertisers have used music to persuade African Americans to purchase alcohol and tobacco related products. This paper seeks to determine whether the use of music can also be effective in the advertisement of automobiles to this minority group.
''Television is widely recognized as an important factor American culture. Research suggests that the average person consumes over 4 hours of television every day. Commercials are an integral part of the television viewing process. When done correctly, advertising on television contributes to sales by building brand awareness, associations, and attitudes. (Teixeira, 2010) While Benhabib et al.''

Tags:advertising, persuasiveness, brand-awareness

Abstract
This paper explains that the Roosevelts were promoters of human rights and racial equality; thus, part of the goal of the New Deal was to promote racial equality by creating federal agencies to help ease discrimination against African-Americans and to create economic opportunities for the advancement of black citizens. The author points out that, despite their status as free Americans and the general economic prosperity that occurred in the 1920s, African-Americans were still far from being treated as full citizens; therefore, for many black families in the 1930s, the difficulties spawned by the Great Depression magnified already existing forms of inequitable treatment. The paper concludes that, even though the promises of the New Deal engendered hope in the African-American population, which was desperate for social and political change, studies show that the New Deal fell far short of its goal of promoting racial equality.

Table of Contents
African Americans and the Depression
The Promises of the New Deal
After the New Deal
Conclusion

From the Paper
"This mass migration, however, led to growing racial tensions in the cities. Unemployed whites felt that they should have first priority for the few factory jobs that were available. Many desperate white workers also began taking jobs as janitors and street sweepers -- positions that were formerly reserved for African Americans. This contributed further to the displacement of African Americans from the paid labor force. Furthermore, while limited financial aid was available, white families had priority for any unemployment assistance."

Tags:equality, civil, subordinate, welfare, cabinet

Abstract
This paper examines how The New Deal, the Great Depression and World War II had an immense impact on American history and the socio-economic status of African Americans and women in particular. It shows how the New Deal allowed America to pick itself up by the bootstraps and recover from the Great Depression and how African-Americans benefited from the acts as jobs were created for all levels of society. It also describes how World War II improved the position of the role of women in the workforce and how African-Americans became involved in professions that were before only white professions due to the shortage of labor. It also looks at the Great Society and the War on Poverty and how Johnson sought civil rights for African-Americans while at the same time seeking job rights and better wages for the poor in general.

From the Paper
"World War II, though, had the hugest impact on both African Americans and women. Suddenly, the economy was back on its feet, with millions of dollars being devoted to plans such as Lend-Lease to help the British out. And then after Pearl Harbor, American spending truly reached a peak. The New Deal set the stage for the economy's recovery after the Great Depression, but World War II actually revived the economy. Suddenly, the role of women in the workforce was paramount. With men away at war, women had to do all the work " including building warships, for instance " that men previously did. "

Tags:labor, johnson, society, workforce, poor

Abstract
This paper will address the issues and concepts that surround discrimination against African Americans throughout history. However, the conclusion is made that, while there is some support for the widely held notion that ethnic and racial inequality is slowly diminishing in the U.S., a more substantial body of evidence suggests that there really is not much to be applauded. This paper will look at the first African Americans, the Pullman Porters, African Americans that have actively participated in American military service and a look at the present-day demographic and occupational situation experienced by many African Americans.