Abstract
Discusses contributions to dance, popular dances of the past, and female trend setters in African-American dance, including Aida Overton Walker and Katherine Dunham and her ballet group.

From the Paper
"African-Americans are credited with having been highly influential in shaping the history of dance in the United States. Since the introduction of the "cakewalk" launched social dancing in the 1800s, African-Americans ..."

Abstract
Both African-American women and Chicano women migrated to a new area for a better life. Unfortunately, domestic work was the only work available to these women. The writer shows how these women faced difficulties and also achieved rewards in this area of employment.

From the Paper
"The image of the African American domestic servant continues to be in our memory and a part of mainstream American culture. There are numerous films depicting servants of minority descent. Yet, that image is a gross distortion. The women we have read about had little in common with the film versions, whose dignity and pride are not depicted or remembered by our society. Elizabeth Clark-Lewis interviewed 81 black women who migrated from the South to Washington, D.C., during the first three decades of this century in her book Living In, Living Out. When they arrived, domestic service was nearly the only available employment."

Tags:employment, minorities, society, domestic, servant

Abstract
One great remaining question in the empowerment theory is whether equal employment opportunity (E.E.O.) and affirmative action efforts have been effective and whether the employment status of protected groups (including African-American single women) has improved as a result of such efforts. This paper examines the E.E.O. Legislation, the actual results of that legislation and discusses the issues relative to whether or not it is helpful to African-American women.

From the Paper
"Regarding African American women specifically, Beller shows a marked improvement in the job status of black women relative to that of white women and men between 1965 and 1981. Even though many of these gains are attributed to the growth and sophistication of EEO legislation, (Auster & Drazin, 1988), in recent years it has been argued that EEO - AA legislation's greatest effect has been "the proliferation of administrative structures rather than the progress of protected groups" (p. 217) The development of formalized human resource management (HRM) structures among employing organizations is the focus of a growing body of research."

Tags:Civil, Rights, Act, Federal, Government, NAACP

Abstract
This paper explains that, under slavery and during the period afterward, older African-American women played active and respected roles in their communities as based on their African heritage, which venerated its elderly. The author points out that, in light of this history, it is not surprising that, in record numbers, African-American older women today are assuming the role of primary caregivers to their grandchildren due to social and addiction problems of the mothers of these grandchildren. The paper relates that the considerable stress of these women, who are permanently primary caregivers for their grandchildren, has resulted in their having many social, economic, physical and psychological problems.

From the Paper
"The number of grandmothers raising their grandchildren nearly doubled between 1970 and 2000--from 2.2 million to 4.5 million. During the 1990s, the biggest increase was among families with no parent present, usually because of social problems such as the mother's alcohol or drug abuse. Death from AIDS, long-term incarceration, and mental illness are other reasons. The trend has become a "dominant theme" for social work research, and the term skipped generation caregiver has come into use. Of all the children living with grandparents in the U.S., nearly 44% are African-American, a proportion that is six times greater than in white families."

Tags:neighborhoods, schools, stories, permanent, marginalized

Abstract
This paper reviews the birth weight of children born to Black Nigerian women as compared to the birth weight of children born to African American Black women. This paper is a quantitative study examining the nutritional regimen children have in both countries.

From the Paper
"Ever since history has been recorded food has played a pivotal role in human interaction. An investigation into food-related topics, such as global food problems, the sociological factors in food consumption, food policy, the symbolic meaning of food, dieting and food fads, and the role of the mass media in food choices is a never-ending procedure."

Tags:birthweight, children, black

Abstract
This paper explains that African-American men and women quite often are exposed to war not because of their patriotism and love of military life, but rather because of economic desperation and political disenfranchisement from the American dream. The author points out that Martin Luther King's speech upon the nature of the Vietnam War called for an end to the war and the draft because it was disproportionately waged upon the backs of America's desperate, poor black men, who could not afford a university education to obtain a deferral and did not have the political connections to obtain service in the National Guard. The paper relates that, in Owen Dodson's WWII poem, "Black Mother Praying", the great post-Harlem Renaissance poet's last poem in dialect, Dodson's fictive mother weeps for a son whose death is only for a nation that hates him.

From the Paper
"Early on in his speech, King highlights the dangerous divide that America is causing by going to war in Vietnam, stating that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinarily high proportions relative to the rest of the population. We were taking the black young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them eight thousand miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem. So we have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools."

Tags:wwii, iraq, disenfranchisement, economics, disproportion

Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.

Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."

Tags:African-American, women, breast, cancer, tumor, treatment, detection

Abstract
The paper discusses how many African American women engaged in social and political activism during the Emancipation and Reconstruction eras of the 19th century, but unfortunately, their efforts have been largely ignored by historians. The paper argues that a comprehensive and historically accurate narrative of African American history would record that thousands of African American women spoke out publicly for social justice on behalf of themselves, their families and their race at this time with great courage and dedication, even though contemporary attitudes about gender roles and racial issues were a tremendous obstacle and impeded their efforts.

From the Paper
"Many African American women engaged in social and political activism during the Emancipation and Reconstruction eras of the 19th century, but unfortunately, their efforts have been largely ignored by historians. A comprehensive and historically accurate narrative of African American history would record that thousands of African American women spoke out publicly for social justice on behalf of themselves, their families and..."

Tags:african, american, women

Abstract
The paper reveals that suicide rates are at epidemic proportions, especially among youth and the elderly, however, for African-American women, rates are unusually low. This paper reviews the statistical patterns of suicide in the United States and in minorities around the world and discusses the plight of the African-American woman in relationship to psychosocial and psychological issues. The paper concludes with perceived coping devices used by African-American women that are associated with lower suicide rates.

From the Paper
"Suicide rates are at epidemic proportions, especially among youth and the elderly, however, for African American women, rates are unusually low. This paper reviews the statistical patterns of suicide in the United States and in minorities around the world and discusses the plight of the African American woman in relationship to psychosocial and psychological issues. The paper concludes with perceived coping devices used by African American Women that are associated with lower suicide rates.
"Eight hundred thousand (800,000) died by their own hand throughout the..."

Tags:suicide, african, american, women

Abstract
This paper provides three essays on African-American author Maya Angelou. The first is a critical review of five articles on the author, and the second is a critical review of five Web sites devoted to the author. The final essay provides an account of Angelou's troubled life and the positive leadership traits she developed in overcoming a traumatic background.

From the Paper
"As a group, these five articles on Maya Angelou offer insight into the multifaceted skills and talents of the author. In "My oh Maya", the author describes the numerous abilities of Angelou, not as heralded as her writing talent, like her time teaching dance at the Habima Theater in Tel Aviv and the writing of the score for the musical Miss Calypso. The author also holds numerous degrees and can speak five languages fluently. In Richard Long's "Maya Angelou", the..."

Tags:rape, racism, class barriers, hope, courage, optimism, women, healthcare, Haiti, music, dance, Martin Luther King, Jr., poetry, President Bill Clinton. Memory, experience, mentors, role models