Abstract
This paper looks at the culture that developed in the African-American and Canadian population. It discusses the main events that brought about this culture, how, in some ways, it represented a resistance to oppression, and how some within the African-American/Canadian community held conflicting views about the development and expression of their own ethnic culture.

From the Paper
"The music/dance culture became an all out rejection of Victorianism and middle class control. (LN, OCT 9) The popularity of this era could be attributed to the fact that the majority of African Americans/Canadians that immersed themselves in this culture were working class and the dance/music created in this era spoke the truth!"

Tags:northwest, racial, tolerance, black, music, dance, ragtime, blues, gospel, american, cultural, life

Abstract
The paper discusses African-American culture and states that race is about a social construct rather than being biological, since society has a different set of rules for each racial group. Furthermore, the paper states that there is no alternative conceptualization of race that it would advocate, because it is a social construct. This is due to the fact that society has defined what is expected of each racial group, a factor that has nothing to do with biological aspects of being white or black . The paper concludes that despite the struggles, African Americans have contributed to the foundations of American events through culture and music.

Outline:
Introduction
Civil Rights
Music
Conclusion

From the Paper
"African Americans are settled in the United States, however some do not receive the same education and treatment as white students due to the fact that they are viewed as a minority race Furthermore, because of their lack culture acknowledgement from teachers, sometimes African American students require educational intervention, which is actually lacking knowledge in their culture even though they have settled in the United States for hundreds of years. "The bar graphs below illustrate the divergent fortunes of America's minorities in terms of living in the best neighborhoods. Asian-American are over-represented (compared to their percentage of all Americans) in every category... particularly in wealthy urban neighborhoods. African-Americans are much less likely to be found in either central cities or suburbia. Hispanics have penetrated the nations best neighborhoods more broadly and deeply than Blacks, but are still woefully under represented in America's landscapes of wealth" (A Racial Summary: Great Info & Bar Graphs). Even though African Americans are still considered a minority group, they have made a historical reputation through culture and music."

Tags:culture, music, African, American

Abstract
This paper discusses Coleman's book and the African American audience response to various media treatment. The paper explores specific TV shows. It explores the themes of the 10 essays of the book. The author also mentions images of African American culture and their social context of meaning.

From the Paper
""Say it Loud! African American Audiences, Media and Identity," edited by Robin R. Means Coleman is an up to date published in examination of African American audiences and their response to how the various media, TV, movies, music, radio, comics, print, cyberspace ..."

Tags:Coleman, African-American, Media, Audiences, Essays, Images, TV

Abstract
This paper investigates the emotional development of an individual through the lense of a family systems model. It presents the unique situation in which an African American male is raised within the context of a single parent maternal home. From that context, it is demonstrated that the unique elements of this culture allows for certain strengths which compensate for any loss encountered by the lack of a father figure.

From the Paper
"This paper will review the systemic and cultural implications of being raised as an African American Male within a single parent family where the primary caretaker is the mother. A review of what constitutes emotional stability as well as how it is developed within children is presented. After this, the author reviews how systemic implications in child rearing affect the gender specific coping mechanisms related to emotional regularity. Finally, drawing on research around this particular population, this author demonstrates that the cultural strengths of the African American Family compensate for the difficult family configuration..."

Tags:family, gender, african american

Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.

Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."

Tags:African-American, women, breast, cancer, tumor, treatment, detection

Abstract
The paper discusses how African-American identity since 1865 has been constantly shaped by the cultural, political and social shifts in American identity and thought.

From the Paper
"Langston Hughes' seminal poem, "I, Too, Sing America", talks for generations of silenced African Americans. It talks about how Blacks, though they are marginalized and degraded as a part of standardized social oppression, grow strong in waiting. The poem asserts that "tomorrow/I'll be at the table/When the company comes (Hughes, 2001)." Hughes demands of America that Blacks get a better future, one of dignity. "Besides/They'll see how beautiful I am/And be ashamed./I, too, am America (Hughes, 2001)." Hughes yearns for America to see the beauty in his identity, an identity that is constantly being redefined by American standards. African American..."

Tags:african, american, history

Abstract
This paper examines the retention rate of African-American males in predominantly white universities. The paper compares the factors influencing African-American women versus men in completing their university studies. The author states that the purpose of this research is to find out exactly what the retention rate of African-American males in white universities is, and what explicit and implicit factors influence the retention rate.

Outline:
Research Question or Alternative Hypothesis
Independent Variable
Dependent Variables
Possible Confounding Variables
Research Design
Participants
Instrumentation

From the Paper
"The retention rate of African American males has been a hotly debate topic in the college domain. Although statistics have shown that the overall retention rate of African Americans within college has progressively increased, few studies have specifically focused on the African American male student within a predominantly white university. Michael J. Cuyjet explains in his book, "Helping African American Men Succeed in College", that African American males are different from females in several different categories that include course learning, exposure to campus activites, use of student unions, involvement in clubs and organizations, etc (Cuyjet, Chapt. 1). The goal of this research study is to find out exactly what the retention rate of African American males in white universities is, and what explicit and implicit factors impact the overall impact the retention rate. We will conduct a research design that will consider the multiple factors within retention rates and develop a quantitative metholodgy to measure the factors contributing to African American male retention rates."

Tags:higher, education, African-American, males, academic, success, university

Abstract
Critical paper conveying how multiculturalism in children's literature often reflects an American and British theoretical foundation that does not suit the Canadian case. Introduction to a movement in education that deconstructs previous children's literature but that in its ideology may miss the point of what children's literature should endeavor to create in a positive curiosity concerning different cultures. Several theoretical pieces and examples from children's books on African-American, Chinese and Aboriginal themes to show several weaknesses in a much politicized campaign.

From the Paper
"In the last three decades, much has been made of the need to promote multiculturalism and also, the goals of anti-racism, by way of children's literature that should encourage the child's positive awareness of different cultures. This seems particularly important in the wildly multicultural environments offered by cities such as Toronto where children should be encouraged to acquire an interest in other cultures according to an ability to understand and appreciate what is different. "

Tags:children'slit, multiculturalism, ideology

Abstract
This paper discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) as used to analyze a Critical Race Theory (CRT) case study, which investigated reflective discourses of three co-directors of a Canadian summer institute on multi-culturalism and diversity. The author points out that CDA analysis of the discourses was undertaken using Clegg's six criteria of language-power discourse within groups and organizations as variables for the analysis: (1) Values, (2) rules, (3) power, (4) discretion, (5) organization and (6) paradox. The paper concludes that CDA, when used in its pure form for CRT analysis, represented a very slow and painstaking task; however, using Cleggs criteria was efficient and yielded flaws in the methodology of the case study approach.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Research Question
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Assumptions
Limitations
Delimitations
Literature Review
Introduction
Literature on Educational and Qualitative Research
Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Definition, Types, and Uses of Qualitative Research
Overview of Critical Race Theory (CRT): Its Purposes, Assumptions, and Limitations
Descriptive CRT Literature
Origins of Critical Race Theory (CRT)
The Power of Storytelling
Descriptive Literature on Race and Multiculturalism
Enter "CRT-Light": Public Education Trends of the 1970's and 1980's
The 1990's and Beyond
Review of Critical Race Theory (CRT) Case Studies
Case Study 1: 'Thinking the Practice': Academic Adult Educators' Reflections on Mediating a Summer Institute as a Multicultural Learning Journey for Graduate Students'
Patti's Reflections: 'Walking on Quicksand'
Shahrzad's Reflections: 'Marginality of the 'Subject'; 'Subjectivity' of the Margin
Andre's Reflections: 'The Personal is Pedagogical'
Case Study 2: 'A Critical Race Analysis of Latino(a) and African American Advanced Placement Enrollment in Public High Schools'
Case Study 2's Methodology
Case Study 2 Results
Discussion, Recommendations and Conclusions
Case Study 3: 'Understanding Cheating in Nepal'
Case Study 4: 'The Acceptance of a Multicultural Education among Appalachian College Students'
Survey Instrument Content and Methods
Survey Distribution Methods
Case Study Survey Results
Other CRT Case Studies, Briefly Described
Conclusion
Research Methods
Introduction
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a Method
Origins of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Conclusions
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Used to Interrogate Two Critical Race Theory Case Studies
The Case Study: 'Thinking the Practice': Academic Adult Educators' Reflections on Mediating a Summer Institute as a Multicultural Learning Journey for Graduate Students'
Values
Power
Rules
Discretion
Organization
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The researcher for the present study also believed that ethnographic research elements were strongly present within secondary data for the study. This was because various pieces of both descriptive and case study literature, used as data for the present study, consisted of analysis and interpretation of other researchers' observations of day-to-day activities, over time, of particular groups that were observed first-hand (e.g., graduate students attending a summer institute on diversity; middle school students in Nepal; students in university basic writing and college composition courses). In addition, results of previously-conducted (by other researchers) ethnographic research, e.g., participant observation accomplished by the researcher over time were used, within the present study, as secondary data."

Tags:qualitative, case-study, discourses, language-power, multiculturalism

Abstract
Both Langston Hughes and Andrea Thompson go through social plights due to their minority status and they release their feelings about it in free verse. People always need to belong to a group: Personal identity is not enough. Skin color is not just the biological, visual complexion but a reflection of social identification. This paper examines how Andrea Thompson is more critical of the majority's biases than Langston Hughes. Hughes is also critical of the majority's biases, but he has a more optimistic tone and he chooses to focus on his race's heritage. Hughes has an alternative group and cultural heritage to turn to when rejected by society, whereas Thompson's native Canadian heritage has been destroyed.

From the Paper
"The poem, "Mother to Son," strengthens Hughes' optimistic feeling by defining the racial pride mentioned in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "Epilogue [to The Weary Blues]." The mother, not the boy, in the poem symbolizes Hughes telling his fellow African Americans that the plight they have been experiencing will merely make them stronger. He explains that the numerous, steep stairs they climb to reach social equality are "... no crystal stair[s]," once they get to the top, they can reflect back on what they have accomplished and the "tacks," "splinters" that they have overcome (Hughes, "Mother" 3,4,20).""

Tags:African, American, Negro, Jeff, Garland