Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.

Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."

Tags:African-American, women, breast, cancer, tumor, treatment, detection

Abstract
The paper discusses how many African American women engaged in social and political activism during the Emancipation and Reconstruction eras of the 19th century, but unfortunately, their efforts have been largely ignored by historians. The paper argues that a comprehensive and historically accurate narrative of African American history would record that thousands of African American women spoke out publicly for social justice on behalf of themselves, their families and their race at this time with great courage and dedication, even though contemporary attitudes about gender roles and racial issues were a tremendous obstacle and impeded their efforts.

From the Paper
"Many African American women engaged in social and political activism during the Emancipation and Reconstruction eras of the 19th century, but unfortunately, their efforts have been largely ignored by historians. A comprehensive and historically accurate narrative of African American history would record that thousands of African American women spoke out publicly for social justice on behalf of themselves, their families and..."

Tags:african, american, women

Abstract
The paper reveals that suicide rates are at epidemic proportions, especially among youth and the elderly, however, for African-American women, rates are unusually low. This paper reviews the statistical patterns of suicide in the United States and in minorities around the world and discusses the plight of the African-American woman in relationship to psychosocial and psychological issues. The paper concludes with perceived coping devices used by African-American women that are associated with lower suicide rates.

From the Paper
"Suicide rates are at epidemic proportions, especially among youth and the elderly, however, for African American women, rates are unusually low. This paper reviews the statistical patterns of suicide in the United States and in minorities around the world and discusses the plight of the African American woman in relationship to psychosocial and psychological issues. The paper concludes with perceived coping devices used by African American Women that are associated with lower suicide rates.
"Eight hundred thousand (800,000) died by their own hand throughout the..."

Tags:suicide, african, american, women

Abstract
The paper explores how literature and culture reflect the progress in African American community development and dignity. It traces the connection of these themes from African history to contemporary American history. Examples are cited that include literary works and other examples of creativity. The paper establishes cultural expression as the foundation for creating an historic record of African-American history.

From the Paper
"Societal transformations rarely occur as smooth, short-term, organic processes. Much like bumps in the road, shifts in African-American culture most often occur in abrupt bursts in response to societal pressures. From literature to performance, dominos to dance, and from family to neighborhood -- these are the building blocks of the African-American community and are the means by which the pains of societal oppression are expressed, bumps in the road are smoothed over and societal progress are marked..."

Tags:literature, culture, african, american

Abstract
This paper examines the retention rate of African-American males in predominantly white universities. The paper compares the factors influencing African-American women versus men in completing their university studies. The author states that the purpose of this research is to find out exactly what the retention rate of African-American males in white universities is, and what explicit and implicit factors influence the retention rate.

Outline:
Research Question or Alternative Hypothesis
Independent Variable
Dependent Variables
Possible Confounding Variables
Research Design
Participants
Instrumentation

From the Paper
"The retention rate of African American males has been a hotly debate topic in the college domain. Although statistics have shown that the overall retention rate of African Americans within college has progressively increased, few studies have specifically focused on the African American male student within a predominantly white university. Michael J. Cuyjet explains in his book, "Helping African American Men Succeed in College", that African American males are different from females in several different categories that include course learning, exposure to campus activites, use of student unions, involvement in clubs and organizations, etc (Cuyjet, Chapt. 1). The goal of this research study is to find out exactly what the retention rate of African American males in white universities is, and what explicit and implicit factors impact the overall impact the retention rate. We will conduct a research design that will consider the multiple factors within retention rates and develop a quantitative metholodgy to measure the factors contributing to African American male retention rates."

Tags:higher, education, African-American, males, academic, success, university

Abstract
This paper argues that African-American churches served as the foundation for the African-American struggle for civil rights during the 20th century. The author traces the history of the churches, focusing on their importance socially as well as spiritually to the community. The author is somewhat critical of mainstream Christianity and its exclusion of Blacks. The paper concludes by citing major Black religious figures in America and acknowledging that religion has impacted African-American history from a highly diverse set of directions.

From the Paper
"Still, the notion that the Christian Church has been a leading force in the movement towards social change for the African American has not gone unchallenged. Some have contended that the Christian Church as acted as an opiate for generations to the African American people. One critic stated, "Instead of cursing the white man, [blacks] shout at the Lord. Instead of kicking whitey, [blacks] kick over the pew." Those who believe that the African American Church acts as an opiate to the black sub-culture contend that it induces many individuals to appeal to God for social change, when, more realistically, they should be acting to bring about social change themselves; in other words, they believe that the church provides an outlet for black people's frustrations, so they can be directed away from actions that might elementally undermine the current radicalized American social system. Eventually, a scientific study conducted by Gary Marx in the 1960's attempted to find any correlation between the level of religious fervor of black Americans and their associated beliefs regarding the Civil Rights movement: "Specifically, Marx established that in his sample, the greater the subjective importance of religion to black respondents, and the more often they went to church, the less militant they were in support of the civil rights issues." Even more recent theorists have agreed with the assessment of the role of the African American Church in social activism; arguing that it is centrally a device for passivity and control."

Tags:African-American, religion, Christianity, civil, rights, segregation, racism

Abstract
This paper examines the African-American experience as it is expressed in the work of several notable writers. The author states that the works of black writers reflect aspects of American life and the development of American society over time. Several works are discussed that highlight various themes in African-American life, such as slavery and discrimination. The paper concludes by stating that the black experience is as American as any other and complements the experience of the majority society in many respects even as it extends it to new areas.

From the Paper
"Ralph Ellison is a black man and approaches the world from that perspective, finding a way to express how society treats the black man through the character of the Invisible Man, a persona that enables him to hide even when in a crowd. For Ellison, blackness has been made by society into the defining characteristic of his existence. In a sense, he adopts the point of view of the white by making himself invisible. He is treated as if he were invisible, and he finds the benefit in that stat and uses it to his advantage in commenting on whit society. The main character in The Invisible Man is invisible only in a metaphorical sense, so that he seems invisible both to himself and to others. The hero of this novel is a black man who is invisible in white society because he is black. He is invisible in black society because of the way he takes on various roles expected of him by white society, though he recognizes how demeaning and false many of those roles are. He is invisible to himself because he has adopted certain roles and so cannot allow himself to exist as a real person with his own point of view. The existence of such a character is a devastating indictment of the dehumanization process in American society based on racial discrimination."

Tags:African-American, literature, Blacks, racism, discrimination

Abstract
The paper discusses African-American culture and states that race is about a social construct rather than being biological, since society has a different set of rules for each racial group. Furthermore, the paper states that there is no alternative conceptualization of race that it would advocate, because it is a social construct. This is due to the fact that society has defined what is expected of each racial group, a factor that has nothing to do with biological aspects of being white or black . The paper concludes that despite the struggles, African Americans have contributed to the foundations of American events through culture and music.

Outline:
Introduction
Civil Rights
Music
Conclusion

From the Paper
"African Americans are settled in the United States, however some do not receive the same education and treatment as white students due to the fact that they are viewed as a minority race Furthermore, because of their lack culture acknowledgement from teachers, sometimes African American students require educational intervention, which is actually lacking knowledge in their culture even though they have settled in the United States for hundreds of years. "The bar graphs below illustrate the divergent fortunes of America's minorities in terms of living in the best neighborhoods. Asian-American are over-represented (compared to their percentage of all Americans) in every category... particularly in wealthy urban neighborhoods. African-Americans are much less likely to be found in either central cities or suburbia. Hispanics have penetrated the nations best neighborhoods more broadly and deeply than Blacks, but are still woefully under represented in America's landscapes of wealth" (A Racial Summary: Great Info & Bar Graphs). Even though African Americans are still considered a minority group, they have made a historical reputation through culture and music."

Tags:culture, music, African, American

Abstract
The paper presents a summary of the procedures and activities associated with an empirical study comparing self-concept among African-American women with and without HIV/AIDS. The paper explores the relationship between self-concept, self-esteem and HIV/AIDS. The paper also addresses the lack of treatment access for poor African-American women.

From the Paper
"The proposed research focuses on identifying levels of self-concept among African-American women either diagnosed with HIV/AIDs or believed, because of their socioeconomic and/or sociodemographic status, to be potentially at risk for the development of HIV/AIDS. The research literature strongly suggests that these factors combine to place African-American women at a heightened risk of developing this disease, and also asserts that this particular population represents the group with the fastest-growing incidence of this diagnosis in the United States."

Tags:African-American women, HIV, AIDS, treatment

Abstract
This paper discusses Coleman's book and the African American audience response to various media treatment. The paper explores specific TV shows. It explores the themes of the 10 essays of the book. The author also mentions images of African American culture and their social context of meaning.

From the Paper
""Say it Loud! African American Audiences, Media and Identity," edited by Robin R. Means Coleman is an up to date published in examination of African American audiences and their response to how the various media, TV, movies, music, radio, comics, print, cyberspace ..."

Tags:Coleman, African-American, Media, Audiences, Essays, Images, TV