Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.

Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."

Tags:African-American, women, breast, cancer, tumor, treatment, detection

Abstract
This paper discusses how the modern African American musical experience is rooted in ancient times. These roots go back to ancient Egypt and their conquests of the Nubians. The paper further discusses how the language of African tribes is tonal and one word might have several meanings in different tones. The talking drums of several countries mimic this quality of language. Despite the reputation of being a simply aural and oral musical tradition, African tribal music actually did have a complex local style of musical notation available to it.

From the Paper
" The musical history of any region is important. African music has taken on an even greater significance due to its importance not only to its country of origin, but also due to its importance in the countries to which it spread. African American music has its roots in tribal cultures. It has lent its influence not only to African American popular culture, but to religion as well. Tribal Music The ancient history of African music is confused at best. It is undoubtedly conflated with the music of the Old Kingdom Egyptian music, when Egypt dominated and colonized the Nubians (Hester, 2005, p. 1). Hester comments that "surprisingly, the history of Egyptian music presents little evidence of the use of drums prior to 2000 B.C." (2005, p. 1). "

Tags:african, american, music

Abstract
Upon initial review, the task of comparing and contrasting the formulation of African Canadian identity in Dionne Brand's No Language is Neutral and George Elliott Clarke's Whylah Falls is undeniably challenging. In the works of both poets the representation of what it means to be African Canadian is extraordinarily disparate and complex. In this analysis, as this essay will argue, the common theme which defines both poets' representation of African Canadian identity is that of "exile". As will be seen, both writers are, to a remarkable degree, poets of place. As suggested in the epigraph from Brand above, it is through geographic and metaphoric "place" that one defines oneself. From this perspective, to be "African Canadian" for each poet is to "make sense" through multiple places, with an identity that resists easy reduction to essentialist models and, instead, is defined by diversity and multiple origins.

From the Paper
The Formulation of African Canadian Identity in No Language is Neutral and Whylah Falls "this is where you make sense" (Brand "Hard Against the Soul" 4) Upon initial review, the task of comparing and contrasting the formulation of African Canadian identity in Dionne Brand's No Language is Neutral and George Elliott Clarke's Whylah Falls is undeniably challenging. In the works of both poets the representation of what it means to be African Canadian is extraordinarily disparate and complex. In this analysis, as this essay will argue, the common theme which defines both poets'

Tags:canada, african, literature

Abstract
African nationalism has played a significant role in the resistance against foreign domination and has been a major influence in the lives of Africans throughout much of the continent. This paper looks at how African nationalism is often defined as the political movement that called for African unity in the struggle for self-determination against colonial regimes. Its general history is summarized in this paper.

From the Paper
"Mills (n.d) provides a description of how African nationalist groups were formed during the years prior to resistance. He explains that African Initiated Churches (AIC's) were prominent groups that staged resistance some 10-20 years prior to the formation of actual nationalist groups. AIC's came into existence throughout Africa beginning in the 1890's and were initially in response to African concerns on the domination by whites over church finances and offices."

Tags:African, National, Congress, colonialism, AIC, Pan-Africanism

Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the above short stories. It looks at the marital relationships of the couples in each of these three works. The writer's focus is on the issue of change and how it can alter a relationship. The paper analyzes each of the African couples and highlights how they are examples of changing African relationships. In conclusion the paper argues that these characters illustrate African culture in vivid detail and portray women as having no rights or rights to feelings. It argues that culturally these relationships seem unacceptable to our western standards and that African women are beginning to recognize this too and stand up for their rights.

From the Paper
"Garesego and Dikeledi have a typical African relationship. The man has all the power and does whatever he pleases, even abuses his wife if he chooses. The wives have no power, and that is why so many of them end up in prison for killing their husbands, they have no other alternative in their unhappy and abusive lives. "To this day, women still suffered from all the calamities that befall an inferior form of human life" (Head 59). Garesego does not take responsibility for his family and his actions, and leaves Dikeledi with three children while he carouses and enjoys himself. Dikeledi admits she has never been happy in her life, and her marriage was no exception. Their relationship, and the contrasting relationship of her next-door neighbors, shows how culture clashes in modern Africa."

Tags:marital, african, culture, vivid, western

Abstract
This paper examines the retention rate of African-American males in predominantly white universities. The paper compares the factors influencing African-American women versus men in completing their university studies. The author states that the purpose of this research is to find out exactly what the retention rate of African-American males in white universities is, and what explicit and implicit factors influence the retention rate.

Outline:
Research Question or Alternative Hypothesis
Independent Variable
Dependent Variables
Possible Confounding Variables
Research Design
Participants
Instrumentation

From the Paper
"The retention rate of African American males has been a hotly debate topic in the college domain. Although statistics have shown that the overall retention rate of African Americans within college has progressively increased, few studies have specifically focused on the African American male student within a predominantly white university. Michael J. Cuyjet explains in his book, "Helping African American Men Succeed in College", that African American males are different from females in several different categories that include course learning, exposure to campus activites, use of student unions, involvement in clubs and organizations, etc (Cuyjet, Chapt. 1). The goal of this research study is to find out exactly what the retention rate of African American males in white universities is, and what explicit and implicit factors impact the overall impact the retention rate. We will conduct a research design that will consider the multiple factors within retention rates and develop a quantitative metholodgy to measure the factors contributing to African American male retention rates."

Tags:higher, education, African-American, males, academic, success, university

Abstract
This paper argues that African-American churches served as the foundation for the African-American struggle for civil rights during the 20th century. The author traces the history of the churches, focusing on their importance socially as well as spiritually to the community. The author is somewhat critical of mainstream Christianity and its exclusion of Blacks. The paper concludes by citing major Black religious figures in America and acknowledging that religion has impacted African-American history from a highly diverse set of directions.

From the Paper
"Still, the notion that the Christian Church has been a leading force in the movement towards social change for the African American has not gone unchallenged. Some have contended that the Christian Church as acted as an opiate for generations to the African American people. One critic stated, "Instead of cursing the white man, [blacks] shout at the Lord. Instead of kicking whitey, [blacks] kick over the pew." Those who believe that the African American Church acts as an opiate to the black sub-culture contend that it induces many individuals to appeal to God for social change, when, more realistically, they should be acting to bring about social change themselves; in other words, they believe that the church provides an outlet for black people's frustrations, so they can be directed away from actions that might elementally undermine the current radicalized American social system. Eventually, a scientific study conducted by Gary Marx in the 1960's attempted to find any correlation between the level of religious fervor of black Americans and their associated beliefs regarding the Civil Rights movement: "Specifically, Marx established that in his sample, the greater the subjective importance of religion to black respondents, and the more often they went to church, the less militant they were in support of the civil rights issues." Even more recent theorists have agreed with the assessment of the role of the African American Church in social activism; arguing that it is centrally a device for passivity and control."

Tags:African-American, religion, Christianity, civil, rights, segregation, racism

Abstract
This paper studies African-American women with HIV/AIDS, including qualitative research and a research methodology. The paper points out that African American women are affected disproportionately by the condition. The paper also attempts to understand how culturally based stigmas prevent many African American women from seeking treatment and support.

Tags:AIDS, AFrican-Americans, women

Abstract
This paper studies the painting "In an African Setting", by Aaron Douglas. As the paper explains, through the Public Works Act, African-American artist Aaron Douglas was commissioned by the Harlem Branch of the New York Public Library to compose works on African-American history. The paper studies the piece's form, technique and symbolic significance.

From the Paper
"In this particular work, Douglas' use of sharp edges and repetitive designs was greatly influenced by African sculptures, jazz music, dance and geometric forms. "In An African Setting", was in fact part of a larger collection. The work was a four panel series that was used to communicate the distance that the African American had traveled, from freedom in Africa, to slavery in the United States, to the challenges of freedom after the Civil War. The first panel, and most famous, depicts an African man and woman dancing to the beat of drums."

Tags:african, american, great, depression, slavery, art, deco

Abstract
The paper discusses the lead author behind the work, Donald Wright. The paper explains that he began his interest in exploring the African American heritage as a youth. Wright contended that he spent much of his childhood fascinated by anything related to Africa and as a college student wanted to pursue these interests. Wright has remarked that he felt there was a need in the United States for people to realize the importance of Africa and African American people, because of the impact that these individuals have on the nation. Language, culture, tradition and the African American inclusion in the country has changed every aspect of society since the country began. Wright has worked as a researcher, instructor and first hand observer that has frequented the country of Africa and learned from the people he writes about.

Tags:african, american, history