Abstract
The writer of this paper focuses on the overtly condescending style of writing in "Africa and Africans' by Paul Boahnnan and Philip Curtin. An example of this style of writing can be seen by the fact that the authors blame the African people for their wasteful method of farming and the resulting food crisis. This paper details the manners in which the authors stereotype and over generalize in their description of African culture, art, society, religion and other lifestyle factors. The writer of this paper describes each chapter of the book and points out if and where the authors misrepresented certain facts. While the original intent of the authors was to dispel various myths of the African people and their culture, this paper proves why the opposite result was achieved.

From the Paper
"Chapter two reiterates American ignorance in the opening sentence, wherein the authors state, "Africa is a part of the world about which Americans and Europeans can no longer afford to be ignorant." Although ignorance surrounding this continent does indeed seem prevalent across the Western Hemisphere, it is a mistake to assume that all Americans and Europeans are ignorant. However, this chapter becomes less controversial as it evenly describes the actual land and its geographical compositions, instead of general and populous compositions. Still, it seems paradoxical that the authors, while writing in hostile undertones of American ignorance, admit that much of the continent is navigable, due to its swells and basins; hence, it seems that the ignorance is more widespread than the asserted limitations to Americans and Europeans."

Tags:africa, art, culture, book, review, style

Abstract
This paper contrasts West Africa and China on several dimensions. The author includes population, origins and early history and religion. The paper relates the current day economics, government and general global power.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to provide a very brief overview of differences and similarities between Africa represented by West Africa and Asia represented by China. The two areas are compared and contrasted on several dimensions including ..."

Tags:West Africa, China, Global, Economics

Abstract
This paper discusses how AIDS is the most virulent disease even known to affect humanity, and Africa has been particularly hard hit. This paper examines this pandemic in terms of its incidence and its epidemiological profile. The paper focuses on Africa and more specifically on sub-Saharan Africa. In addition this paper pays special attention to the interesting case of South Africa and the crucial subject of mother to child transmission.

Tags:aids, africa, mtct

Abstract
This paper explores South Africa's experience as a divided nation and its process of recovery in the past two decades. First, the paper considers the issue of affirmative action in South Africa. The author then acknowledges that elements of apartheid still exist. In order to overcome this divisiveness, the author examines the experiences of other divided nations, such as Germany and Korea. The author concludes that apartheid in South Africa has not ended, but has merely gone 'underground' so that it can still be active but not in the overt sense that it used to be.

From the Paper
"The promotion of a collective or a group identity, therefore, necessarily involves subordinating the individuality that is seen within the group. Furthermore, being able to strengthen one's identity based on race, religion, language, or caste is also considered divisive and threatening to the equality and the freedom of the country (Gramby-Sobukwe, 2002). Quotas are then viewed as being a means to help achieve an equality of outcome by working to deny an equality of opportunity or a fundamental right of various individuals (Gramby-Sobukwe, 2002)."

Tags:South, Africa, apartheid, Africa, developing, nations, racism, affirmative, action, German, Korea

Abstract
The following paper will look at the growing list of endangered languages within Africa and what this means for the continent and for linguistic diversity the world over. Specifically, the paper will provide a brief summary of nearly extinct languages as they exist within the continent and acknowledge that there seems to be some general confusion over whether or not calling a language "endangered" is really the same thing as calling it "nearly extinct". In any event, this section of the paper will certainly underscore that dozens of African languages - at least 46, as a matter of fact - are in imminent peril and possibly at least as many more are headed in that direction. Having briefly defined what it is that makes a language "endangered" and how things appear to stand in Africa, the paper will then turn to look at what languages have been on the endangered list at one time or another and have not survived; time will also be devoted to looking at what the impact of language endangerment (and extinction) is for Africa (and for all geographic regions of the world faced with this problem) and what can be done to stem the tide. In the final analysis, more effort needs to be undertaken to teach young people about their cosmopolitan linguistic heritage in the classrooms of Africa and affirmative action programs that will prop up the most vulnerable of these languages in African communities should be explored - though it is doubtful that some of them (maybe even many of them) can now be saved. Still, that is no excuse for not trying to salvage what can be salvaged.

From the Paper
The Endangered Languages of Africa The following paper will look at the growing list of endangered languages within Africa and what this means for the continent and for linguistic diversity the world over. Specifically, the paper will provide a brief summary of nearly extinct languages as they exist within the continent and acknowledge that there seems to be some general confusion over whether or not calling a language "endangered" is really the same thing as calling it "nearly extinct". In any event, this section of the paper will certainly underscore that dozens of African languages - at least 46, as a matter of fact - are in imminent peril and possibly at least as many more are headed

Tags:endangered, languages, africa

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at Christianity in Africa. This exploration of Christianity in Africa started soon after the death of Christ to the end of the 1800's. The writer discusses visits of the Apostles and conversions. The writer also examines the arrival of missionaries in the early 19th Century.

From the Paper
"According to Pat Morrison writing for National Catholic Reporter, many Christians think that Christianity arrived on the African continent as the result of European-based missionary efforts. But a closer look at church history reveals a much different picture. Christianity spread to Africa soon after the death of Christ. The Acts of the Apostles chronicle visits by one or more of the Apostles to various fledgling Christian communities in North Africa. Morrison writes that historical records witness to ... "

Tags:Christianity, Africa, South Africa, Sub Saharan Africa, Missionaries, Portuguese, evangelical, monastics

Abstract
This paper examines the "Uhuru Africa" album by Randy Weston. Inspired by jazz legend Duke Ellington, Weston spent most of his career combining the rich music of the African continent with the African-American tradition of jazz. The author dissects Weston's "Africa" album -- which he calls a tribute to Ellington -- from its thematic and metaphoric perspectives, such as nature, animals, liberation, the past and the future. The author concludes by praising "Uhuru Africa" as Weston's jazz paean to Afro-American heritage and to Africa.

From the Paper
"This style inspired Randy Weston, whose use of both hands separately on the keyboard parallels a drummer's control of separate rhythms with each hand. Randy Weston spent most of his career combining the rich music of the African continent with the African American tradition of jazz, mixing the rhythms and melodies of both continents. Uhuru Africa is a tribute to Ellington, most particularly in the second movement, African Lady, a metaphor for Africa and the drum, which Ellington identified with a woman."

Tags:Duke, Ellington, Africa, jazz, music

Abstract
This paper looks at rural-urban migration patterns in Africa. It examines patterns in South Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, West Africa, Nigeria, Zambia and Ghana. The paper looks at the reasons for the migration and its effect on the rural areas and on the cities.

Tags:rural-urban migration, urbanization, Africa

Abstract
This paper endeavors to explore the impact of the slave trade on West Africa. It examines how the historical injustices of the slave trade have undeniably affected West Africa detrimentally in the political, economic and social arenas. It details the recent discussions by leaders of nations historically involved in the slave trade as they determine what reparations can be made to the victims of this inhumane practice. It gives an historical overview of the slave trade in general and specifically in West Africa.

From the Paper
"Before embarking on the political, economic and social fallout of the slave trade on West Africa, it is important to give a brief description of this blight in history. From the middle of the 15th century, the Portuguese initiated the slave trade. They were followed by the Spaniards and at a lengthier period (1562) by the British. Then in rapid succession by the Dutch (approximately 1620), the French (approximately 1640), the Swedes, Danes and Prussians, before culminating in its most awful activities in the 18th century (Morel, E.D., 1920, 4). Foreigners conducted wholly unprovoked attacks on African villages and kidnapped the young people who were strong enough to work their sugar and coffee plantations as well as for domestic servitude in their homes. The export of Africans to the New World furnished the workforce for the colonial plantations and mines whose yield (gold, silver and, most importantly, sugar, cocoa, cotton, tobacco and coffee) were the principal components of global commerce (MBokolo, E., 1998, 2). The horror of the Africans being torn from their homes and their families is matched only by the horror of the number of Africans who perished in the course of transportation on the slave ships
" the slaves could not turn around, were wedged immovably, in fact, and chained to the deck by the neck and legs".not infrequently would go mad before dying of suffocation".in their frenzy some killed others in the hopes of procuring more room to breathe".men strangled those next to them, and women drove nails into each others' brains." (Morel, E.D., 1920, 4)."

Tags:slave, trade, West, Africa, Black, political, social, history

Abstract
This paper explains that, as human evolution progressed from the australopithecines to Homo sapiens, early man began to walk upright, use fire, tools and language and create culture. The author describes the main species known in the evolutionary tract but omits other intermediates for which very few fossils have been found. Of these know species, the paper discusses distinguishing characteristics, what type of tool culture they had, and if they had any type of socialization. The author presents briefly famous archaeological finds. Includes many figures.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Australopithecines
Homo
Homo Habilis
Homo Erectus/ Homo Ergaster
Homo Neanderthalensis
Homo Sapiens
Cro-Magnon
Homo Sapien Sapien
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The most famous Australopithecine fossil is Lucy. The A. afarensis fossils were found in Hader, Ethiopia and were about 40% complete, including bipedal kneecaps and molars and front teeth similar to humans rather than great apes. Another famous fossil find was the Taung infant, found by Raymond Dart in Taung, South Africa. The A. africanus fossil consisted of the face, mandible, and a natural endocast of the brain case. Another famous find was the set of three footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leakey."

Tags:footprints, phylogenetic tree, africa skull origin