Abstract
This paper reviews important materials that have been published regarding the effect of European colonialism on the Torres Strait Islands. According to the paper, much of it has been intrusive, negative and degrading.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Writing in Australian Geographical Studies, Kym Seebohm and Gerry Morvell assert that while the Islanders have gained a bit more autonomy (due to the establishment of the 1994 Torres Strait Regional Authority) in recent years, the exploitation of Torres Strait Island ecosystems by non-native interests is ongoing and destructive. To wit, there is "over-exploitation of certain fisheries"; there are the negative effects of "trawling on seabed communities"; the "discarding of by-catch" and the "mortality of turtles and dugongs caught in trawl nets" are enormous concerns, Seebohm explains. Moreover, endangered species in Torres Strait Islands lack protective measures and also, there are "human health concerns" resulting from the "heavy metal concentrations in traditional seafood" being harvested. "

Tags:social, local, australia, aborigonal, suicide

Abstract
The paper considers three key events in European imperialism, in order to prove that tensions in Europe resulted in the rush for land in other continents. The paper looks at Britain's aggressive actions in the 1860s, the French expansion in the 1870s and Britain's war with Ireland, 1916 until today. The paper shows how these European conflicts first forced the countries into colonies, then into territorial fights over the colonies, and finally, forced them to withdraw from these lands when wars in Europe crippled their economic and diplomatic might.

From the Paper
"The Prussian minister, Bismarck, was completing his mission of a German empire, united under Prussia. Between 1860 and 1870, Bismarck waged war upon first Denmark, capturing significant duchies, then Austria, defeating the powerful country in seven weeks during 1866, and finally, while fighting a war with France, absorbing the southern German states into his empire, along with the French territory Alsace-Lorraine. Within only one decade, Bismarck had taken Prussia from one of a number of German states, to a powerful empire complete with lands taken from other countries. Britain had been forced to watch from the sidelines, leaving her with lost diplomatic influence."

Tags:colonies, expansion, Britain, France, Ireland, India, Africa

Abstract
This paper explains that, from the 15th century onward, European colonization of Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa was motivated by economic greed and by religious zeal on the part of European nations, especially Spain, to spread Christianity to the "uncivilized" indigenous peoples. The author points out that, as a result of New World colonialism, Spanish influence is still strongly felt throughout the Americas today and British, Dutch, French and Portuguese influence is still strongly evident in many parts of Africa. The paper stresses that this European colonization created massive changes, most of which were for the worse, in the physical landscape and in the economic distribution of wealth and resources on both continents, which today continue to strongly affect the people, their lack of resources and the overall conditions of those areas.

From the Paper
"Latin America today suffers similarly in many ways, also an unfortunate legacy of past European invasion. Perhaps most interestingly, Brazil, the Latin American nation most ravaged by the Portuguese, suffers from an AIDS epidemic equal to those of parts of Africa. Indigenous peoples of Brazil, their numbers severely decreased by a smallpox epidemic brought by European settlers, live today in isolated pockets of Andean poverty. Some of Brazil's indigenous tribes are so small today that they risk dying out within the next generation. Meanwhile, Brazil's tropical rain forests continue today to be destroyed in the name of "progress", wreaking havoc with our worldwide ecosystem."

Tags:portuguese, brazil, mexico, ghana, health

Abstract
Historians have continually argued as to the motives of the imperialist expansion of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Lenin and historians such as Hobson argue that economic motives alone motivated this expansion and other historians have presented different views as to the origins of expansion such as political and diplomatic causes as well as cultural factors such as religion and nationalism. It examines all these other motives, in order to conclude whether economic motives alone or a variety of factors caused the imperialist expansion of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

From the Paper
"Lenin called Imperialism the highest stage of capitalism, in his book he outlined that any improvement in working class wages and living conditions could only be secured at the expense of the workers of the undeveloped world. In other words capitalism had found a new proletariat to exploit in the third world. In his book Lenin claimed that the Great War was in reality the result of capitalist states clashing with each other in their drive for new colonies and overseas markets. Many anti Marxist historians have criticized Marxist analyses of Imperialism; they have argued that imperialism had no connection to capitalism. "

Tags:africa, hobson, imperialism, lenin, capitalism

Abstract
This paper examines the economic situation of South Africa and how it affects the country's population. The writer also looks at the devastating ramifications of AIDs and what the country's leadership is doing to battle this situation.

From the Paper
This paper examines the economic situation of South Africa and how it affects the country's population. The writer also looks at the devastating ramifications of AIDs and what the country's leadership is doing to battle this situation.

Tags:AIDS, mandela

Abstract
This paper discusses how various methods of colonialism used by Europeans to colonize Africa are described in the novels, "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad and "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe. It shows how Reverend Smith, Mr. Brown, and Kurtz practice different beliefs about colonialism and how each interpretation, peaceful or not, has an effect upon the African people. It compares these methods of colonization by exploring the idea of the Africans being seen as "savages", the search for African riches, and the introduction of Christianity to these "pagans." European imperialism is also examined in both novels.

From the Paper
"When Brown builds a school in Umuofia, he further spreads his culture in a peaceful manner. By convincing the village to send its children to learn to read and write, he finds a way to teach his pupils about European culture. Brown's method most likely works better than others does because he accomplishes his purpose in a much more subtle way. The Ibo do not feel as pressured to accept these new ways, for they are slipped carefully in amongst the songs and scriptures. He manages to colonize by teaching the natives, not by brutalizing them or overtaking their way of life."

Tags:africa, congo, imperialism, kurtz, marlow, savages

Abstract
This paper examines how world trade policies have caused a marginalization in global trade in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) economies. The paper begins by examining the official World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) economic policies with regard to SSA. Next, the paper examines the implications of world trade policies. Then the paper discusses how foreign aid, whether in the form of charitable aid or foreign investment in SSA economies, impacts the production capability of SSA countries. Finally, the paper examines the progress made by SSA nations, the developed world, WTO, and GATT to assist SSA nations in their efforts to fairly share in the global economy. After discussing the cause of the economic problems faced by SSA countries as a result of world trade policies, the paper then proposes several solutions to those problems. The paper suggests ways that the developed world can help SSA nations take their places in the global economy. More importantly, the paper suggests ways in which the SSA nations can take control of their developing economies and become competitive in the global market. Finally, the writer maintains that diversifying the economic base for individual SSA nations, as well at the region in general, should lead to greater economic stability and competitiveness.

Contents:
Introduction
Discussion
Poverty in SSA
Official WTO Policy
Economic Subsidies
Tariffs
Non-tariff Barriers to Trade
Dumping
Foreign Aid
The Downside of Trade Liberalization
HIV/AIDS
Progress
Recommendations
Conclusions
References

From the Paper
"Anyone with even a passing familiarity with the global economy is aware that SSA countries, despite their abundant human and natural resources, have not taken a competitive position in the global economy. While the casual observer may believe that SSA's failure to be competitive in the global economy is a result of the interior workings of the economies of those SSA nations, even a cursory investigation into world trade policies quickly reveals a bias against the growth of economies. For example, many of the trade policies established by the WTO under GATT guidelines inhibit true economic growth in SSA economies. Furthermore, those trade policies have helped shape the economic infrastructure of SSA nations, in such a manner that those countries actually maintain policies that inhibit their own economic growth."

Tags:economy, marketplace, developing, countries

Abstract
A book report about E.L. Jones' work on the historical economy of Europe, "The European Miracle". It explains the author's view of the European and Asian economies during the medieval, renaissance, and early modern eras, until the end of the Industrial Revolution. The book focuses on the ecological conditions (geography, weather, etc.) that made it possible for Europe to develop a technology-centered, multistate trade economy, as opposed to Asia's paradigmatic agrarian unified economy.

Tags:the, european, miracle

Abstract
The paper describes the result of a study on proposed taxation on energy provided services and how cost-effective this approach could be to achieve the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The paper discusses how the proposed tax or taxes are acknowledged to have a result of some negative effect on most areas of the Greek economy. The paper looks at the country of Greece and relates that Greece is located in southern Europe and borders the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey. The paper describes its economy as varied and vibrant and relates that to this extent, Greece has a capitalist economy and became a member of the European Union - EU - in 1981.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this essay is to describe the result of a study on proposed taxation on energy provided services and how cost-effective this approach could be to achieve the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed tax or taxes are acknowledged to have a result of some negative effect on most areas of the Greek economy. But before this discussion continues, some preliminary data regarding the country of Greece is provided, as follows:..."

Tags:greek, economy, taxation

Abstract
This paper examines the economic and social problems faced by the Republic of Cameroon, a relatively young independent country of central west Africa. The paper points out that Cameroon achieved its independence from France and Britain in 1960 and quickly unified into one republic from the separate territories controlled by both France and Britain. The paper posits that because Cameroon is extremely diverse, both culturally and demographically, some would assume that having numerous people groups would hinder the progress of unification in such a developing country. However, despite recent social and economic crises, the people of Cameroon have been able to tolerate the many cultural differences present, and have dealt with a less than desirable economy and a growing AIDS epidemic in a respectable manner. The paper concludes that, despite the problem of ethnic fragmentation and regional divisions spawned by a colonial history, the many ethnic groups overcame a civil war and re-united to grow one of the best economies in sub-Saharan Africa.

From the Paper
"As noted, from the time that Cameroon declared independence from the colonial rule of the French and British, there has been a seemingly never ending line of economic problems, but, Cameroon's independence began with economic success. Although the economy relied heavily on the exporting of agricultural products such as cocoa, coffee, bananas and palm oil, and remained very dependent on French capital, the economy thrived. The role of the French was still clear in much of Cameroon's economic transactions; nearly 60 percent of Cameroon's exports were to the French, and 55 percent of the imported products were from France. This beneficial partnership allowed Cameroon to be known as a success story in light of the rest of the continent's development, and boasted the title of the most prosperous country in Africa (Konings 248)."

Tags:third world, developing country, Africa economy unification colonization European colony