Abstract
This paper examines how women and minorities have a long history in law enforcement and how, despite this, they continue to struggle for equality. It looks at how affirmative action has been found to be extremely helpful in this struggle and how it has become a legal avenue for fighting discrimination. It also examines the debate on whether affirmative action policies should be repealed and contends that affirmative action laws remain solidly in place, to prevent unfair hiring practices from once again becoming an acceptable norm.

Outline
Introduction
Background
Destroying the Myths
Racial Issues
Gender Issues
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The difficulties did not just lie in the structure of society, however, but in the structure of the laws themselves. For instance, these laws usually centered solely on issues of formal rights (such as the right to vote) that were particularly susceptible to judicial or statutory resolution. The problem with this was that formal litigation-related strategies are often dependent upon hard, factual evidence; They neglected to take into account the more subtle forms of prejudice and discrimination which cannot be proven with a "smoking gun". Because of the blurred lines associated with discrimination, many employers were reluctant to risk litigation and therefore felt safer sticking with an all white, all male work population. It was for this reason the introduction of affirmative action was necessary."

Tags:women, minorities, equality, law, enforcement, discrimination

Abstract
The paper reveals the perception that affirmative action policies and practices are biased and thus are doing more harm than good. The paper discusses how discriminatory policies and procedures need to be eliminated but contends that proactive measures need to be put into place instead of the affirmative action laws that we have today. The paper concludes with the hope that every person will be treated fairly and equally in respect to everyone else.

From the Paper
"Social inequality has been seen throughout history in the areas of gender, race, ethnicity and social economic class. Tremendous progress has been made in trying to make people aware that such group based inequality is wrong. Social policy has been the key to eliminating these inequalities. Affirmative action policies throughout the years have been put into place to eliminate differential treatment based on the basis of group membership. They have also had the goal of proactively improving the status of certain target groups. There has been an assumption that good intentions are not enough to ensure equality representation and status (Iyer, 2007)."

Tags:discrimination, prejudice, inequalities

Abstract
An examination of the affirmative action policy that was introduced in 1965 and has since been both praised and denounced as an answer to racial equality. According to the author, it was President Johnson who felt that it was an appropriate remedy to discrimination, which continued to plague the United States regardless of civil rights laws and constitutional pledges and who therefore introduced the affirmative action policy as a temporary remedy that would end when a "level playing field" was created for all Americans.

From the Paper
"Affirmative action has increasingly become a popular subject of debate. Not only does the phrase "affirmative action mean different things to different people, but also there are different arguments for and against it. The most controversial kind of affirmative action includes some sort of "preference" for black Americans when applying for jobs or to colleges and professional schools. Affirmative action means different things; and the arguments vary. It is not even clear what counts as a preference. Many people want to keep it as it is, saying that it is necessary for democracy. Others support affirmative action but see it as a flawed remedy in need of change. A third group believes that a fair playing field has been established and is pushing for the elimination of affirmative action policies."

Tags:affirmative, action, equality, employment, discrimination, employer, United, States

Abstract
This paper examines the history of affirmative action and contains detailed research explaining the sharp declines in higher education among varying minorities. The author also reviews the pros and cons of this hotly debated topic with extensive research and statistics.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Trends Revealed in Higher Education
College Enrollment
A Brief History of Affirmative Action
Threats to Affirmative Action
Making Affirmative Action Work
Associations and Organizations
Making It Work
Conclusions
Endnotes
References

From the Paper
"In order for us to attain a truly Democratic Society, regardless of political persuasion as Senator Kennedy points out, all Americans shall need to be made aware of and participate in the programs of Affirmative Action and Diversity. We are indeed a nation made up of a "melting pot," of various cultures however we are still true to the founders of this nation and rather than classification into some "politically correct," group much rather prefer to be labeled as Americans from the United States of America. United indeed by our very diversity that we as a nation are finally after many, many years of struggle one "Great Society," as envisioned by former President Johnson and every one of his predecessors and successors to hold the high office of President of the United States of America."

Tags:affirmative, action, education, minorities, law, rights

Abstract
This paper discusses and examines affirmative action at AT&T and Pasadena (California) City Council. It focuses on the ethical challenges both organizations face with regard to their affirmative action practices and its compliance with the law. The author explores hiring and promotion issues.

From the Paper
"In any discussion on affirmative action and its challenging effects on business and government the two key words are discrimination and justice. The root of the word discrimination comes from 'discrete' from the Latin meaning to sift apart ..."

Tags:AT&T, Pasadena City Council, Challenges, Affirmative Action

Abstract
This paper discusses elements of affirmative action as it applies to public and private sector employers. It also considers how it interacts with Title VII requirements of Equal Employment Opportunity. Additionally, the paper presents what and who the law applies to.

From the Paper
"The following presents elements of affirmative action as it applies to the public and private sector employers and how it interacts with Title VII requirements of Equal Employment Opportunity. Specifically the topics of what employers are subject to regarding affirmative action plans and why requirements for employers and consequences if employers do not meet affirmative action plan goals are presented. Title VII and Affirmative Action Title VII requirements of Equal Employment Opportunity provide for equal employment opportunity to all under the law. This law apples to..."

Tags:affirmative action, employers, TITLE VII, equal employment

Abstract
This paper begins with a definition of affirmative action and then takes a look at whether the affirmative action policies in place are meeting their intended objective. The paper looks at the advantages and disadvantages of affirmative action policies, explains why they are so divisive amongst the general population and discusses the stance that the Republican and Democratic parties have taken regarding affirmative action.

From the Paper
"Of course, one needs to include affirmative gender action as well, since historically women have been paid at a standard below that of men, and often not promoted with the same diligence as their male peers. What has Affirmative Action done for eliminating gender bias? According to the latest figures, Beginning in the year 200, women, minorities and immigrants will account for 80% of labor growth in the U.S. (Allen 1) Yet, while women are increasingly visible at the workplace, in general, they still earn less than their male counterparts. This is especially true of those few women who have managed to break through the so-called "glass ceiling" and become top management in large corporations. Perhaps the plight of women under Affirmative Action can best be summarized in one specific court case. "

Tags:minorities, parity, laws, employers, african-americans, latinos, asians, restricting

Abstract
The paper looks at the definition and application of affirmative action and discusses its link to the concepts of managerial justice, anti-discrimination law theories and public administration. The paper highlights the two sides of the affirmative action debate
and addresses the concept of reverse discrimination.

Outline:
Affirmative Action Defined
Affirmative Action and Public Administration
AA and Ethics Behind Theories of Anti-Discrimination Law
Affirmative Action: A Medium for Justice
Affirmative Action and Managerial Justice
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Affirmative action (AA) has had many different and intricate definitions developed over the years. In comparison to the principle definition of equal employment opportunity (EEO) where inactive and indirect efforts to remove biases are give importance, AA gives higher significance to the direct, decisive and insistent participation to make sure that the discrimination towards minorities or women in the workplace or in academic structures, whether its formalized or not, are removed so that equality exists in all spheres. One thing that is important to note here is the phenomenon of affirmative action does not actually equalizes the allocations for minorities or women, instead its suggests how equality can be brought into a structure if it hasn't been recognized legally (Chambers et al, 2005)."

Tags:reverse, discrimination, public, administration, law, workplace

Abstract
Affirmative action, in higher education and elsewhere has been a hotly debated issue, since its inception, among a group of minority faculty and faculty organization from US law schools conceived of the need for forcing social change through guided plans and procedures that would make up for missing opportunities for racial minorities, a year prior to Martin Luther King Jr's assassination. Since then there have been many legal challenges to affirmative action which was tailored significantly by nearly every university and many other institutions independently. The specific and individual affirmative action plans of many institutions have been challenged, supported or struck down in several Supreme Court cases. This work first reviews and critiques research based on the concepts of affirmative action in higher education. It then moves on to develop an independent research proposal to answer questions regarding affirmative action and finally it reviews and discusses the breadth and depth of Grutter V Bollinger and Gratz V Bollinger and how they impact affirmative action and business.

Outline:
Abstract
Research Proposal: Affirmative Action and Race Relations
Review of Literature
Research Question
Hypothesis
Sample
Method
Expected Findings
References

From the Paper
"It would seem that there have been as many challenges and debates with regard to affirmative action policies as there have been research studies on the subject of its effectiveness and therefore validity. Regardless of this fact there are also a significant number of researchers who seek to answer what they view as more important questions regarding affirmative action, not the least of which is does it help or hurt the minority population, or the majority population and has it been at all effective in eliminating discrimination in the broader society, institutionally or in business. The following research proposal will attempt to answer an enduring question associated with some of the broader questions of affirmative action namely; Is affirmative action policy implementation destructive to race relations in higher education and/or business? This question seems to be at the root of research, debate and conflict associated with affirmative action, and must garner some sort of answer for the development of a future for race relations and the role of affirmative action in decision making for admissions or hiring."

Tags:race relations, education, constitutional law, disenfranchisement

Abstract
An examination of affirmative action policies in colleges with focus on the treatment of African and Hispanic applications to colleges. The author argues that African and Hispanic admissions are more favorite as well as their admission into the world of work. A discussion of the shortfalls of affirmative action with focus on the system's tendencies to predispose separation.

From the Paper
"Webster's New World Dictionary defines affirmative action as "a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups, as women, blacks, etc. (Lowery, 1995)" Affirmative Action grants preferential treatment to racial minorities. Affirmative Action is also race specific (Williams, 1995). Many people are dedicated to the policy's destruction. Much progress was made in this regard during the "Reagan revolution" (Lowery, 1995). With the GOP in firm control of Congress in 1995 and most of the 50 states, and civil rights groups such as the NAACP weakened, if not under siege, attacks on affirmative action intensified."

Tags:law, education, work, society, privilege, reversal