Abstract In this article, the short and long term political effects of the S.A.R.S. (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) epidemic on China are examined. The writer discusses the effects of the epidemic in Asia and looks in particular at China. The writer examines the Chinese Government's attempt to conceal the epidemic and looks at how the cover-up failed.
From the Paper "The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (S.A.R.S.) swept through Asia in wreaking human devastation in its wake and affecting the lives of millions of people. As the S.A.R.S. epidemic fades into memory in the West, Asian countries continue to grapple with its legacy. Nowhere is this fact truer than in China, whose initial attempts to conceal the epidemic may well have contributed to its far-flung reach. The government's inability to maintain the cover-up, it's very public purge of officials and the subsequent opening of the media that occurred were ... "
Abstract The HIV epidemic in Canada and elsewhere associates HIV infection with poverty and social marginalization. The pattern is explained in terms of social and economic conditions that affect the spread and geography of the virus.
Abstract This paper discusses how historical epidemics like the bubonic plague in Europe in the fourteenth century, the influenza outbreak of 1918-1920, smallpox during the 1960s and AIDS have impacted modern public health care policy and protocols.
From the Paper " Jonsen and Stryker argue that both historically and in moderntime's epidemics have been responsible for having a monumental impact on the following social institutions. The public health system ..."
Tags: health care, public health policy, epidemics, plague, sanitation, clean water, AIDS, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox
Abstract The paper examines two studies of the 1790s yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. The paper examines its cultural significance in an article by Eve Kornfeld and matters of race, class and gender in an article by Jacquelyn C. Miller. The paper also looks at a study of the New York epidemic of 1822 by William Gribbin that shows how culture shaped views of this alarming disease.
Outline:
Introduction
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF)
The Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793-1799
African American Workers and Race during the Philadelphia Epidemic, 1793
The 1822 New York City Epidemic Concluding Discussion
From the Paper "Yellow Fever is familiar in several parts of the world. (Wills Plague 1996) Now known as Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, it is one of about 30 arthropod-transmitted diseases affecting humans carried by the Aedes Aesgypti mosquito, as was unknown during the Philadelphia and New York epidemics. VHF is similar to Dengue Fever as found in Asia, both diseases belonging to the Flavivirus or Group B Arbovirus family of Japanese and Tick-borne Encephalitis. (Peters:1152). As early as 1648, VHF reached the New World on slave ships from West Africa, the Aedes Aesgypti mosquito and virus adapting easily to coastal areas of what became the United States, the name of yellow fever adopted after a 1750 epidemic in Barbados. In 1802, most of Napoleon's troops died of the disease in Haiti. In the last U.S. epidemic in New Orleans in 1905, 8,399 people had yellow fever of which 908 died. (Humphreys: 102) Just before, two members of a military board of physicians agreed to be bitten by the Aegypti mosquito of which both acquired yellow fever and one died. A connection to the mosquito was suggested by the Cuban physician Carlos Findlay in 1881 but Americans took little notice."
Tags: Viral, Hemorrhagic, Fever, mosquito, culture, African-Americans, Philadelphia, New, York
Abstract This paper analyzes the growing problem of AIDS in Africa. It discusses the major reasons why poverty and inadequate health care policies are important factors of this epidemic. The paper then compares Africa with other countries in the world and analyzes, in depth, how and why Africa is suffering under the epidemic of AIDS in recent times. It specifically looks at the global impact of inadequate health care policy and poverty in the African AIDS epidemic.
From the Paper "This statement from the Bush Administration allows the participatory involvement of not only South Africa, but of the other countries in the vicinity that show some economic and political stability. South Africa and Uganda represents one of the more stable countries of the region, this is why it has been included within this study on how the northern and southern hemispheres are dealing with this crisis. However, the status of South Africa as a leader in preventing AIDS for impoverished nations that surround it appear to be negligent, since it cannot provide a leading example of how to stop the infection within its own policy settings agendas. In this manner, the issue of poverty within a global context is an important factor in generating reasons as to why South Africa provides a higher rate of infections thn other countries, such as the United States."
Abstract The paper tells us that Hip Hop artists powerful lyrics describe the crack cocaine epidemic in detail. For examplethe paper tells us that many songs describe The ''Dark Alliance", which attempts to link the CNA and the crack epidemic. The paper also explains that other songs describe the tragic results that blacks underwent due to the crack epidemic and also the torment that the black city communities faced. The paper notes, however, that many Americans do not believe that these songs are a legitimate source of information.
From the Paper "Hip hop artists powerful lyrics have been ringing throughout popular culture in America for years; however, it was not considered a legitimate source of information in the eyes of many powerful Americans. This is painfully apparent when in the 1980's rapper Chuck D famously said "rap is the CNN of Black America.(np)" It would take nearly two decades after the crack cocaine epidemic for a "legitimate" source of information to not only to tell the story, but also put it on center-stage. In 1996 a journalist named Gary Webb from a small California newspaper wrote an article that put the world of media in absolute turmoil. Webb wrote about the racist travesties that had been affecting Los Angeles since the 1980's. His article titled "The Dark Alliance" attempted to definitively link a connection between the CIA and the crack epidemic in 1980's. Webb argued that the CIA, in an effort to raise money to finance the Contra revolution to overthrow the Nicaraguan regime, funneled crack cocaine from South America to the streets of Los Angeles. This elaborate system focused on two people, Danilo Blandon and "Freeway" Rick Ross. Blandon, who was apparently working with the CIA, supplied Freeway Rick and in turn Freeway Rick sold it."
Abstract This paper looks at the arrival of Europeans on North American shores with respect to the way that it affected the lifestyle of Native Americans. It focuses on the diseases introduced to North America by these Europeans. The paper begins by providing a background to the way of life of the Native Americans before the arrival of the Europeans. It then turns to the arrival of epidemics in North America, responsible for Native Americans suffering higher mortality rates than at any other time in human history. The most common diseases introduced to the "New World" at the time are discussed as are the affect these diseases had on the Native American mortality rate. The paper then turns to the way that the lifestyle of Native Americans was affected by these diseases. It speaks of the weakened ability to resist colonization and the Europeanization of Native American culture. It concludes by proposing the argument that the introduction of these epidemics was not accidental, and that they were intended to weaken the defenses of Native Americans against the colonizers.
From the Paper "In early America, when people of three continents came together, the Native Americans were dramatically affected by epidemics, suffering higher mortality rates than any other time in human history. (Geier, 1991) People from Latin America, North America and Europe merged, each carrying and introducing diseases indigenous to their own societies.
"When the Native Americans first encountered common European diseases like smallpox, measles and dysentery, millions died. In extreme cases, 90 percent of certain Indian tribes died as European epidemics swept through their villages."
Abstract This paper describes the health problem the AIDS epidemic poses to the U.S. and to the world and provides statistics regarding the number of deaths caused by AIDS, the number of people infected by AIDS or HIV and the segment of the population that is most affected. The paper further describes measures that must be taken in order to combat the AIDS epidemic and explains that not enough is being done to stop the virus.
From the Paper "Two hundred and twelve new cases of AIDS are diagnosed every day in the USA, where someone dies from AIDS every ten minutes. By the end of 1990 more than 100,000 people had already died from AIDS in the US alone. In 1991 more young Americans will die from AIDS than perished in the entire Vietnam War. Indeed, AIDS is now the leading cause of death for all American men aged between 25 and 44, and all American women aged between 15 and 33. In February 1990 the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported a cumulative total of 11,189 women with AIDS in the United States, 52 per cent of whom were originally infected through needle-sharing, and a further 19 per cent through unprotected sex with male injecting drug users. "Experts at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control believe that every U.S. company will have at least one employee with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) at some point" (Fontenot, 1992). Indeed, 28 per cent of all people with AIDS in America have been infected through needle-sharing, and it is currently estimated that 70 per cent of injecting drug users in some areas are already infected. Women with AIDS now make up 9 per cent of the national US total, and heterosexual transmission which accounted for only 1.2 per cent of cases in 1982, is now responsible for 4.9 per cent of the total case-load."
Abstract This paper explains that obesity has become a global epidemic, which negatively affects the overall health of adults and children. The paper explains that, because obesity is not a disease but rather the result of overeating and under-exercising, it can be combated by establishing a better, healthier lifestyle. The paper also relates that society, realizing the extent of this epidemic, is putting pressure on the food and restaurant industries and is providing education for obesity prevention.
Table of Contents:
Combating the Problem
Perceptive Conclusions on Obesity
From the Paper "Some doctors have proposed specific steps through which to solve the problem, recognizing that 85% of people who 'diet' regain their weight within a short time. This means, however, that 15% of them do not, by practicing six particular habits of health that enable them to lose excess weight and then maintain a healthy one. These habits can be remembered by the acronym BESLIM. B for breakfast, E for exercise, S for support to practice habits of health, L for frequent low fat meals, I for an individual plan and M for monitoring one's weight on a regular basis."
Tags: diabetes cardiovascular, public health campaigns, government-mandated sedentary
This paper is an in-depth overview of the aspects of the HIV / AIDS epidemic, including the profound issues and statistics on the virus in the developing and industrialized world.
Abstract The paper begins with an overview of AIDS epidemic in terms of its derivation and the possible causes of AIDS. It describes AIDS in developing countries and those countries' national government strategy for battling it, the paper continues by investigating AIDS in industrialized countries and comparing these policies to those in developing countries. To better understanding the differences locally and internationally, certain sample countries have been used to illustrate the situation. The paper also explores the global AIDS prevention strategy and evaluates how HIV vaccine developing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overrview of AIDS
Introduction of AIDS
Global Picture of AIDS
Distribution of AIDS
AIDS in Developing Countries
Sex between Men in the Developing World
Government Strategy on Sex between Men
Education in Asia
Strategy Effectiveness
HIV Vaccine in Developing Countries
Thailand
South America
Africa
The Spread of Injecting and Drug Use in Developing Countries
The Golden Triangle
Drugs in Russia
AIDS in Industrialized Countries
American Syringe Exchange
Strategy Effectiveness
Syringe Exchange in the UK
NHS and Local Health Authorities
Global AIDS Strategy
World Health Organization
Global AIDS Societies
Vaccine Development
Conclusion
Appendix
Reference
From the Paper "AIDS is now found worldwide. While, what is AIDS? Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) stated, ?AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is the result of damage to the immune system: the resultant deficiency in its functions allows certain specific opportunistic infections or tumours to flourish.? It is an opportunistic virus, which could take the opportunity to damage human being's immune system and cause death.
"In 1986, there is a hypothesis released in St. Mary's Hospital (1986), that is the disease may have originated in Central Africa and then expand to Caribbean, USA and Europe. While there are more and more scientists argued the origin of AIDS, Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) argued that ?AIDS was first identified as a distinct syndrome in 1981 as the consequence of a cluster of cases amongst gay men in large US cities with highly visible and established gay communities.? Peter Aggleton (1994) found that how serious that AIDS expand worldwide, the epidemic has increased over 100-fold since AIDS was identified in 1981, according to the research for the Harvard-based Global AIDS Policy. By 1992 at lease 12.9 million people worldwide were infected with HIV (7.1 million men, 4.7 million women, 1.1 million children)."
Abstract This environmental paper examines the San Diego-Tijuana water epidemic. The author presents the history and current factors involved in the problem: contamination and draught. It highlights the political issues involved in environmental city management for these Mexican and American border cities.
From the Paper "In recent decades the world has come to realize that the earth's resources are not comprised of a bottomless pit. It has been acknowledged that there are resources that are threatening to run out or contaminate so that they can no longer be useful to mankind. One of the most important resources the world has is the water supply. "
Tags: environment, earth?s, resources, water, supply, contamination, mexico, usa, united, states, america, contamination, political, draught, environmental, city, management
Abstract This paper looks at the effect on the Native Americans and on their lifestyles by the diseases bought over from Europe by the first settlers. It discusses how it was not war that wiped out the Native Americans, but diseases such as smallpox, measles, malaria, and influenza. Native Americans had no resistance to these diseases and entire tribes were soon decimated by fast-spreading epidemics. As a result, much of the diverse Native American culture has disappeared.
From the Paper "It is estimated that some 400,000 Native Americans lived in America by 1600. With the arrival of English and Dutch people, this number was dramatically reduced as a result of new diseases, such as plague, smallpox, chickenpox, mumps, measles and influenza. (Bailey, 1969) Between 1616 and 1619, the Native American people were nearly wiped out as a result of a mysterious plague, most likely either bubonic or pneumonic, which was contracted from Europeans sailing along the coast of Maine. "
Tags: hunters, trappers, malaria, smallpox, villages, culture, syphilis, new, world
Abstract For most people living in Third World countries, malaria is a matter of life and death. This paper examines the threat to countries in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. It discusses the forms of malaria and the main causes of an outbreak. The paper also looks at the organizations involved, which are dedicated to developing vaccines and doing away with the epidemics.
From the Paper "Another controversial treatment for the mosquitoes is the use of DDT. DDT has been shown to be the most cost-effective and safe insecticide available. Many studies are being conducted to determine if DDT has any side effects that may contribute to the premature death of many infants (Bates, Curtis, Roberts, Sharp, Shiff, Tren, 2004) One of the best methods of control in areas with seasonal malaria, is indoor residual spraying (Tren, TechCentral Station, 2004). Small amounts of the insecticides are sprayed on the walls of the houses where the adult mosquitoes rest. The cost of treatment for malaria is estimated at $12 billion per year."
Abstract This paper explores what is both encouraging and disturbing about the obesity epidemic in the United States. The author points out that many health professionals regard obesity as a preventable risk behavior that often results from unhealthy food choices. The paper suggests a format for 3-two hour sessions addressing this risk behavior with 8th and 9th grade students.
From the Paper "Just a simple stroll through a mall confirms reports of the obesity epidemic as one observes teenagers who are overweight and obese lumbering down every corridor short of breath and struggling simply to ..."l
Tags: obesity, overweight, epidemic, depression, American Heart Association, Type 2 diabetes, food choices, diet, nutrition
"In order to understand the nature of disease and epidemics, it is essential to analyze how host agent and environment intersect. The approach needed...
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, 2006, $ 71.95
Abstract "In order to understand the nature of disease and epidemics, it is essential to analyze how host agent and environment intersect. The approach needed for this task is ecological analysis which is the same approach taken by Nikiforuk (1995) in his book. Nikoforuk's theme is the purpose of epidemiology as the study of health and illness among individuals and populations for the sake of public health and preventive medicine."
From the Paper In order to understand the nature of disease and epidemics, it is essential to analyze how host, agent, and environment intersect. The approach needed for this task is ecological analysis, which is the same approach taken by Nikiforuk (1995) in his book. Nikoforuk's theme is the purpose of epidemiology as the study of health and illness among individuals and populations for the sake of public health and preventive medicine. Risk factors and the determinants of health must be taken into account because of the interaction between host, agent, and the environment.
