Abstract This paper concerns the alternative fuel hydrogen. The writer notes how this fuel is produced and looks at some of the problems of making it practical for use in automobiles and other vehicles. The writer explains that storage is a major issue, because hydrogen takes up four items the space of a comparable fast energy source. Some of the research being conducted to correct this situation is noted, including new materials for storage.
From the Paper "There are many reasons to embrace the demand for alternative fuels. The current state of the world's ongoing energy crisis, of the demand for fossil fuel and of the constant fighting over oil in the middle east, are all current events that are related to oil and fuel. However, we should also look to the future for the true reasons for using alternative fuels. The emissions from power plants, refineries and automobiles are causing global warming and irreversible damage to the ozone. This is why it is so important for scientists, engineers and researchers to break down the fossil fuel barrier and replace it with alternative fuels, one of which is hydrogen."
Abstract This paper is on the prospects for the hydrogen powered car, noting the stakeholders involved, some of what they want, and how likely it is that the car will be produced in the near future. The paper indicates that the primary problem may be getting the fuel to the consumer in an economical way, given that the ultimate stakeholder is the consumer, who will be asked to buy these cars and who will want to have a car that performs as well as possible and to be able to refuel easily and economically.
From the Paper "Hydrogen-powered cars operate on energy produced by the mixing of hydrogen and oxygen, with the only by-product being water. Stacy (2003) notes that General Motors is to provide $44 million to build a fleet of 40 hydrogen-fueled cars for use in New York, Washington, Michigan, and California, with another $44 million in matching funds to be provided by the U.S. Dept. of Energy. In addition, Shell Hydrogen LLC is to create five refueling stations in New York, Washington, California, and along the east coast, and this is seen as a major step in the development of hydrogen-fueled cars, given that automakers are reluctant to develop hydrogen cars both because of the cost and because of the current lack of refueling stations (Stacy, 2003, para. 1)."
Abstract This paper discusses indications and contraindications for liver transplantation. It discusses the MELD and PELD scoring systems and explains how they prioritize patients for receipt of a transplant. It also examines recent developments that now enable previously unsuitable candidates to be considered for transplantation.
From the Paper "Transplantation is the accepted treatment for patients with end stage liver disease. Because of an increasing number of patients being referred for transplantation, the gap between donate livers and recipients on the waiting list is ever increasing..."
Abstract This paper offers some information of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) which is a depressive condition, seasonal in onset and occurs primarily throughout winter periods. The paper includes a review of the current literature and a proposal for an Australian study. High latitude locations, such as Norway, sport a high prevalence of winter SAD with mid-latitude locations such as China and Japan, experiencing reverse SAD, due to severity of symptoms occurring throughout summer periods rather than winter periods. Such review of the literature leaves methodology for a study within the mid-latitude location of Australia to concentrate upon hypotheses concerning the prevalence of both winter and summer SAD, with a higher prevalence of summer SAD anticipated.
From the Paper ""Seasonal Affective Disorder is a debilitating psychiatric disorder, which has only been formally recognised throughout the last two decades. SAD is a "course specifier" for Major Depressive Disorder or Bipolar Disorder within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 4th edition (DSM-IV). This specification denotes that depressive episodes must be present within two consecutive years throughout specific seasons (ie. primarily winter however autumn episodes have been documented) with remission occurring, as long as psychosocial stressors are absent, throughout spring and summer periods (Lam and Levitan, 2000). Besides symptoms typically characteristic of depression such as loss of energy, irritability, fatigue, tendency to oversleep, daytime drowsiness, and social withdrawal; carbohydrate craving and resulting weight gain are atypical symptoms of SAD."
Abstract This paper use attachment theory as a conceptual framework for linking affect Regulation and Impulse control. The paper explains how the theory has been used, the origins of the theory as well as attachment relationship functions. The paper also discusses the adverse consequences of inadequate parent-child attachment.
From the Paper "This theoretical paper presents a focus on the relationship between affect regulation and impulse control, utilizing attachment theory as an explanatory conceptual framework. An introduction to the topic is followed by the origins of attachment theory, attachment relationship functions, insecure attachment defenses, attachment and regulation of affect and impulse attachment, organization and affect regulation attachment, organization and impulse control and summary and conclusions."
Tags: Attachment, Theory, to, Link, Affect, Regulation, and, Impulse, Control
Abstract This paper presents a research study that aims to understand the aroma impact compounds of cooked beef liver. The research reviews how far back the knowledge of consumption of cooked liver of any type goes and why, prior to the knowledge of its nutritional value, it was considered important to eat liver. The negative connotation to eating liver both historically and presently is reviewed as well as who actually eats liver in both the U.S. and abroad. In addition, the paper famous liver dishes are reviewed as well as the current percent consumption of liver, specifically beef liver in the U.S. and why the rate of consumption is at this level. Lastly, this research paper reviews where the remainder of the liver goes to specifically the percent that goes in animal feed and the percent that goes into consumable or non-consumable products.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Historical and Traditional Consumption of Liver Nutritional Value of Beef Liver Beef Liver Consumption in the United States
Raw Beef Liver Consumption
Beef Liver Recipes
Liver with Sour Cream)
Vitamins and Minerals in Beef Liver Review of the Literature
From the Paper "There are two primary methods of raw beef liver consumption. The first method is to freeze the liver for two weeks after cutting into large chunks. The fourteen days of freezing is to make sure that pathogens and parasites are eliminated. The liver can be removed from the freeze and grated. The second method is cutting the liver into small pill-size chunks and after freezing for two weeks taking the liver the same as swallowing vitamins. Razaitis states that suggestions given by a Native Nutrition discussion group for liver preparation."
Abstract This paper analyzes the feasibility of switching from fossil fuels to hydrogen fuel cells. It discusses the ways in which a hydrogen economy holds much technical and political appeal and analyzes the many complications that exist in trying to make this vision a reality. It also focuses on the investment and political interest, especially among the Bush administration in the U.S.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction: The Draw of Hydrogen is Significant but Not without Challenges
The Appeal of Hydrogen: Political and Environmental Bonuses
The Freedom Car: Hydrogen on the Road Not All It's Cracked Up To Be
The Myriad Issues with Hydrogen: Availability, Extraction, and Storage Are Just the Beginnings
Conclusion: Hydrogen Simply Not a Feasible Fossil Fuel Replacement
From the Paper "In January 2003, President Bush proposed allocating $1.2 billion towards the development of what he dubbed the Freedom Car, an automobile that would use fuel cell technology and hydrogen instead of gasoline by the year 2020 (Lynn par. 1). Currently, the development of this kind of a vehicle has been the primary push of the proposed hydrogen economy. Automobiles are highly polluting and highly dependent on imported oil."
This paper describes the basic functions and structures of the liver with an emphasis on the processes involving the liver's ability to detoxify drugs from the bloodstream.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, 2002, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper discusses the detoxification process considering the role of alcohol in liver-damage, including the severity of scarring, and cirrhosis of the liver, each of which are a result of excess toxins in the liver. The author reviews recent research on liver-function regeneration in light of the difficulties in of obtaining liver transplants.
Abstract The paper explains that the liver is the biggest internal organ in the body and is essential to the body's vital functions. The paper describes the two main types of liver cancer; hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinomas. The paper discusses risk factors, symptoms that can lead to a diagnosis of liver cancer and identifies conventional and complimentary/alternative cancer treatments. The paper shows how this form of cancer is more common in men than women. The paper notes that liver cancer is particularly dangerous because it has usually been growing in the body for some time before it is diagnosed.
Outline:
Introduction
Liver Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinomas
Risk Factors
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to the American Cancer Society, the liver is the bigest internal organ in the body. It is located underneath the right ribs, just unde the right lung and diaphragm. The American Cancer Society explains that the liver looks like a pyramid and is divided into right and left lobes(What is Liver Cancer, 2006). The liver also receives blood from 2 sources(What is Liver Cancer, 2006). The first source is the hepatic artery which supplies the liver with blood that is rich in oxygen. In addition the portal vein carry the nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver (What is Liver Cancer, 2006)."
Abstract The paper talks about the Kyoto Protocol that provided an international directive in environmental emissions, demanding that countries shoulder the responsibility for emissions regulations and standards. The paper then discusses hydrogen fuel cell research and the effectiveness of integrating these technologies in domestic and public modes of transportation. The paper argues that hydrogen fuel cell development should become the primary focus for any company that wants to adhere to environmental standards and reduce long-term costs of using fossil fuels.
Outline:
The Kyoto Protocol
The Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Green Companies: Ford and Mercedes
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Limitations
From the Paper "The 21st century global marketplace has been witness to the advent of numerous technological advances in an effort to create efficiency and reduce the cost of utilizing expensive energy resources. Environmental policy has also played an important role in the legitimacy of large corporations primarily due to the alarming increase in global warming. As the world becomes closer to its neighbors through free-market trade, the relevance of environmental accountability becomes even more paramount. With oil prices rapidly increasing and technological advances in the synthesis of energy resources, the transportation industry is becoming more responsible for the environmental impact due to business operations. Countries and companies worldwide are becoming more active in regulating fuel economy. The rise of hydrogen fuel cell integration in domestic vehicles, locomotives and public transportation services has increased due to environmental regulations and finding cost efficient resources for power."
Abstract This paper takes a look at liver disease, the liver transplant operation, patients awaiting liver transplants and post transplant patients. This paper specifically focuses on the surgical intensive care unit Mayo Clinic at St. Luke's Hospital, Jacksonville USA, and studies a patient referred to as F.M, a 58 year old white male from Boston, MA.
From the Paper "F.M. had a history of ETOH abuse. It is reported that he had a history of 42 beers/wk for thirty years. This amounts to a six pack a day for thirty years. F.M. reports quitting in March of 2003. Alcohol can induce alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde that causes the alteration of hepatocyte function. It impairs mitochondrial function that decreases oxidation of fatty acid. Enzyme and protein synthesis is altered leading to diminished degradation of hormones and ammonia. When inhibition of export of protein from the liver occurs alteration in metabolism of vitamins and minerals induce malnutrition. The alteration of hepatocyte function is what ultimately triggers the cellular damage to the liver which initiates the inflammatory response. The damage caused from this process is slowly progressive and thought to be reversible depending on extent of damage (Dirksen, Heitkemper, & Lewis 2004).
The major risk factor that F.M. has contributing to his current condition is Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). HCV is an RNA virus that is mainly transmitted percutaneously. This virus causes direct cellular damage to the liver initiating the inflammatory response. The course of this virus varies with extensive damage not showing up until 25-30 years later. A reliable antibody test was not widely available before 1992. So many patients given blood or blood products before then are at risk for infection (Dirksen, Heitkemper, & Lewis 2004). F.M was a veteran of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and received a blood transfusion at that time. "
Abstract This paper examines the criteria used to determine who may receive a liver transplant and, in particular, whether alcoholics should be allotted livers for transplant. Alcoholics tend to be given low priority status on liver transplant waiting lists or are even taken off such lists because they are considered responsible for their organ's diseased condition. The paper questions whether the denial of transplants based on this moral criteria is justified. It concludes by arguing that alcoholics should be given the same priority level as non-alcoholics on the same transplant waiting lists.
From the Paper "Deciding who should receive organs is not based solely on medical need, but also on moral criteria. Initially, patients must display a genuine medical need for a new organ, meaning that they will indeed die unless they receive a transplant. Then they are eligible to be placed on a waiting list. Patients on the list are then chosen one-by-one as organs become available (Kilner 5). However, it is most certainly always the case that the available organ could potentially be given to more than one person on the list. In this situation, a single recipient must be chosen. A team of physicians and a psychologist determine which patient will be given a new chance at life through the transplantation of a new organ ... but how exactly do they decide?"
Abstract This paper examines how there are a number of companies conducting extensive research and development of the creation of hydrogen cars due to a too great reliance on dwindling fossil fuels and environmental problems. In particular, it looks at how hydrogen fuel cars have a number of advantages over gasoline powered automobiles.
From the Paper "Since the first motorized horse and buggy, the automobile has undergone a number of changes in design and mechanics, based on consumer interest and other factors such as cost, availability of fuel, ease of manufacturability and the like. One of the areas that has undergone these changes is in power used to run the vehicles. The first automobiles were powered either by steam or electricity. The former had functional problems, and the latter were slow, heavy, impractical and expensive. Once the internal combustion engine was developed that used fuels such as fuel as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene, the other types of cars could not compete."
A comparison of the viability of hydrogen fuel cells and gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine in terms of economics, environmental impact and safety.
Abstract This paper assesses the viability of the hydrogen fuel cell in comparison to the gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine both now and 100 years from now. The paper examines economics, environmental impact and safety. In particular, the paper discusses the economic comparison by looking at fuel costs, the cost of the vehicle and infrastructure costs. The environmental impact in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and the effect of those emissions on global warming are also discussed. Several figures are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
Economics: Fuel Cost
Economics: Cost of Vehicle
Economics: Cost of Infrastructure
Environmental Impact
Safety
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Economics: Fuel Cost
Economics: Cost of Vehicle
Economics: Infrastructure Costs
Environmental Impact
Safety
Conclusions
From the Paper "With respect to vehicle cost, I was unable to get an accurate handle on the effect that the use of hydrogen fuel cells has on the price due to the fact that the purchase costs of the hydrogen vehicles clearly included development and infrastructure capital costs that have been extremely diluted for the diesel ICE bus. However, it can be said that the price of the fuel cell stacks is quite noticeable at $268/kW. For a standard 70 kW passenger car, this adds up to a cost of $18,760, which is very significant. 100 years from now, this is projected to have changed, as by 2020 the price of the fuel stacks is projected to have dropped to around $38/kW, corresponding to an engine cost of $2,660, which is much more reasonable. However, there are problems on the horizon with respect to the platinum reserves. If hydrogen fuel cell vehicles were to become the primary source of transportation for the entire world, the demand on the platinum reserves would exceed the supply. Fortunately, there has been progress with respect to the catalyst. QuantumSphere, Inc., as mentioned, developed a nanometal electrode formulation that drastically increases electrolysis efficiency, and considering that fuel cells are just the reverse of electrolysis, it is, in my opinion, very likely that we will manage a way to catalyze the reaction efficiently without the use of significant amounts of platinum."
