Abstract
This paper reviews the book by William Stinchcombe titled "The X-Y-Z Affair". Stinchcombe was the professor of history and his contribution as a historian is enormous. He is an accomplished writer with great knowledge of world affairs specially the American history.

Tags:xyz, affair

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze the topic of the Iran-Contra Affair. Specifically, the paper discusses what the Iran-Contra Affair was, how it developed, how it was discovered, the Congressional hearings, and the aftermath. The Iran-Contra Affair was really a series of covert operations initiated by the Reagan Administration and carried out, first, by the CIA and then the NSC. These affairs were investigated by Congressional committees after they became public and were as detrimental to the government as the Watergate affair because they subverted the Congress and the Constitution.

From the Paper
"The Iran-contra affair is certainly one of the most notorious acts in United States governmental history. Many critics have likened it to the Watergate Scandal of the 1970s Nixon administration in terms of importance and sheer ignorance. One writer noted, "The Iran-contra affair raised serious questions about the nature and scope of congressional oversight of foreign affairs and the limits of the executive branch" (Editors 23448). After the Congressional hearings ended, numerous reports and recounting of testimony were published, including a 690-page report from the Tower and other committees who investigated the affairs. Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of the Defense) and several other participants were pardoned by President George H.W. Bush in 1992, and North and Poindexter's criminal convictions were eventually overturned, so very little actually happened legally to the main participants in the affairs."

Tags:watergate, presidene, government, corrupt, politics, cia, foreign

Abstract
This paper will discuss the book by Michael Burns: "France and the Dreyfus Affair". There will be a reflection on the social, political, military, and literary events that took place at the time and their effects on French history. The Dreyfus Affair will be discussed and its content.

Abstract
This paper will discuss J. Baird Callicott's "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" and argue for the case of wild animals versus domestic animals on a basis of morality. An argument will be made to prove that J. Baird Callicott is correct to suggest that a significant moral distinction should be drawn between wild and domestic animals.

Abstract
This paper discusses the novel, "The End of the Affair," written by Graham Greene. It particularly looks at how the novel challenges its reader with contrasting views on issues such as love of God, love of self and love of another. It looks at this theme by discussing the plot and the relationship between the main characters, Maurice Bendrix and Sarah.

From the Paper
"Bendrix and Sarah enjoy very few of the moments portrayed in The End of the Affair. There are a few happy times, early on, when they are together, declaring undying love for one another, but these are quickly overshadowed by the misery of loneliness and self-deprecation. Bendrix is a terrible person, unable to love himself, Sarah, or his fellow man. He develops a strong emotional attachment to Sarah, but it is not truly love he feels, for it is much too easy for jealousy and spite to take over their relationship. He looks to destroy the bond they have built at every turn. He will continue to be unhappy until he can reconcile his feelings for God, Sarah, and his fellow man. Sarah's grief is the effect of her self-loathing. She cannot be happy with herself, and therefore she can never be happy. One gets the feeling death is a welcome release for her. She becomes free from the judgement of Maurice, Henry, and the Fathers. The End of the Affair is an example that harmony begins from within. A love of self, or at least an acceptance of one's own character is necessary for a fulfilling existence."

Tags:emotion, jealousy, relationship

Abstract
This paper discusses the Sokal affair, in which Alan Sokal submitted an essay to the journal "Social Text" which ended up being a hoax. The parody basically entailed Sokal satirizing the confused and meaningless style of communicating that has become a prominent feature of the university landscape. His hoax became an indictment of the cultural critics' belief that scientific truths are cultural conventions. A strong believer in scientific truth, Sokal exposed the illegitimacy of cultural relativism.

Abstract
This paper examines questions of business ethics concerning an office affair. It adopts two ethical perspectives to explain the issue. A rights perspective is used to justify the behavior and a utilitarian explanation is used to define it as unethical.

Abstract
The first essay, "The Haymarket Affair" analyzes the Haymarket tragedy and the complex issues and events that lead to it. The second essay "The New Deal" looks at the measures taken by the Roosevelt administration to combat the impact of the Great Depression in the USA.

Tags:american, history, labor

Abstract
This essay argues that there are such things as universal human rights, and that when one state violates these, other states have a legitimate reason to raise appeal. The essay states that this can give rise to a tension between state autonomy and universal rights, however, it argues that this possibility must be endured, for the alternative is to allow people to be abused. Moreover, the paper asserts that there are practical steps that could be taken to encourage sovereign states to acknowledge universal human rights.

From the Paper
"The only difference between those who argued against suffrage in the West or against same-sex marriage in Canada, and those who today argue in favour of genital mutilation in Nigeria, is that the Western defenders of sexism and heterosexism claimed to speak for all of humanity, and for God, while the minorities claim only to speak for themselves, and sometimes for their own God - and of course, for "their women." The principle is the same - invoking culture, God, nature or tradition to justify oppression of women or other minorities, and in this way attempting to maintain the status quo. That argument was overcome in England and in Canada, and it should be overcome in non-Western nations too. Moreover, it is argued that if this poses some slight risk to the autonomy of some individual nations, then so be it. National autonomy should not extend to the point of giving ruling groups the right of torture, murder, mutilation or any other kind of violent abuse against individual human beings - not even if they are women or children!"

Tags:cultural imperialism, universal rights, sovereignty autonomy states

Abstract
This paper explains that, when Ronald Reagan became president, one of his most crucial goals was to stop the spread of leftist ideologies in Central America especially in Nicaragua. The author points out that, in Reagan's second term, this objective expanded into several separate entities concerning secret arms deals with the nation of Iran for the release of American hostages and the covert shipping of weapons and cash to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. The paper relates that the amazing details of these allegedly illegal actions were revealed to the public and became part of the American cultural consciousness in the form of "Irangate". The author stresses that a long series of highly-publicized governmental hearings, special investigations and the prosecution of many upper echelon officials of the Reagan and Bush administrations revealed that some kind of clandestine operation had occurred, which would determine U.S. foreign policy for years to come.

From the Paper
"The ultimate findings of the Tower Commission were not good for Oliver North who continued his covert operations with Iran for at least another year, all the while transferring arms and cash to his beleaguered Contra amigos in Nicaragua and shredding thousands of documents with the able assistance of his beautiful and loyal secretary Fawn Hall. When Oliver North was given complete immunity by the joint congressional hearings, he made it crystal clear to everyone involved that he was only carrying out his orders so as to defend his self-proclaimed "Operation Democracy"."

Tags:shah, khomeini, arms-for-hostages, north, ghorbanifar, cynicism