Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the interrelationship between ethics, aesthetics, criticism, and art. The writer describes how criticism interacts closely with each of the other aspects.

From the Paper
"W J Bate xiii commented that the great justification of criticism at any time is that it can help to bring into focus and emphasize the function of the arts and of the humanities themselves. Inevitably, criticism enjoys close synergies with both aesthetics and ethics, as well as with a group of four principal players, artist performer, critic ,evaluator, audience, market and manager entrepreneur and a set of four outer forces culture and society law and politics economics and finance and science technology ... "

Tags:ethics, criticism, aesthetics, art

Abstract
An analysis of three of Robert Frost's most well-known poems. Part II discusses the symbolism in "After Apple Picking," "Birches," and "The Road Not Taken." Lastly, this paper concludes with remarks concerning the long-term impact of Frost's poems.

From the Paper
"Robert Frost is one of the most well-known yet least understood American poets. Like Edgar Allen Poe, Henry David Thoreau, and numerous other well-renowned poets, Frost had an uncanny ability to write about the interaction and relationship between individuals and nature in a remarkably simple yet eloquent manner. In many of Frost's poems, he recognizes the beauty of nature, but is also puzzled and sometimes troubled by its continuous change. What is particularly brilliant about Frost's poems is that they are written in such a way that it is not possible to determine a universal meaning."

Tags:frost, poem, symbol, symbolism, meaning, nature

Abstract
This paper presents an investigative look at the use of symbolism in literature. Author Nathan Hawthorne used many symbolism opportunities in his works "The House of Seven Gables." The writer of this paper explores the symbolism and comments on its effectiveness.

From the Paper
"Throughout history the authors of literary works have used symbolism to develop a story or create an understanding. Many of the classics are filled with symbolism, and it is that very symbolism that causes the story to stick in the reader's mind and heart and make the story a classic. In The House of Seven Gables the author, Nathaniel Hawthorne displayed a particularly subtle talent at lacing the story with symbolism for the reader to stumble upon in his journey. Through the use of symbols, we are given the opportunity to view many aspects of the story from a third vantage point, and one that makes it clear for us to understand. The symbolism in House of Seven Gables, works to unite the ideas and emotions that run through the book's underpinnings and brings the reader to the same mindset the author had as he penned the words. The use of symbolism in this story creates the ability to develop the character of the story itself and bring it to its three dimensional existence."

Tags:paradox, symbolism, expression, death, darkness, existence, interpretation

Abstract
This paper discusses Shakespeare's use of symbolism in his play "Hamlet" and cites literary critics to support its thesis. While the play is rich with symbolism, the paper explains that the most important symbol is the ghost of Hamlet's father, who makes his appearance near the beginning of the play. The paper details the symbolic significance of the appearance of the ghost and analyzes how it serves as a call to action for the confused young prince, which fuels the action of the rest of the play.

From the Paper
"As T.S. Eliot once stated, "Hamlet the character has had an especial temptation for that most dangerous type of critic: the critic with a mind which is naturally of the creative order, but which through some weakness in creative power exercises itself in criticism instead" (Sacred Wood, p 83). As that observation implies, it is not so much that Hamlet cannot make up his mind about the symbolic significance of the ghost and what exactly he should do to avenge his father's death; it is just that he continually second-guesses himself. As Eric Levy suggests, "As a rational animal, a man is one who thinks. But the play problematizes [sic] the proper exercise of thought by which man sustains this identity. In one of the earliest scenes, Bernardo, Francisco, and Marcellus tell Horatio, who at first doubts their word, that they believe they have seen Hamlet's father's ghost. Horatio waits with them for the ghost to reappear. When it does, Horatio asks it "What art thou, that usurps't this time of night" (Act1.1.46). He also tells the ghost, who does look like King Hamlet, to identify himself: "b heaven, I charge thee, speak!" (Act1.1.49)."

Tags:ghost, father, symbolism, horatio, bernardo, francisco

Abstract
Explains some history of Russian dialogue, Russian history, and Fyodor Dostoevsky's life experiences. It tells the symbolism of the names in "Crime and Punishment," how Fyodor Dostoevsky was imprisoned, and the history of Russian tsarist government.

From the Paper
"Authors write their novels using literary techniques such as symbolism. However, when entire novels are translated from the native language to another, there are some things that are lost in translation. Fyodor Dostoevsky wrote Crime and Punishment in Russian and when the novel was translated to English, symbolism was lost in translation. The symbolism requires knowledge of Russian history and language and some history of Fyodor Dostoevsky's life, to know and understand. Without prior knowledge of the use of some names and words, the symbolism is unknown to the reader."

Tags:crime, dostoevsky, fyodor, punishment, symbolism

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the use of symbolism by Henrik Ibsen in "A Doll's House." The analysis discusses the use of symbolism as it applies to three sets of relationships in the drama; Nora's relationship with Torvald, Dr. Rank, and Krogstad.

From the Paper
"The title of Henrik Ibsen's drama about a woman who abandons her children and husband because she cannot take the stifling confines of the rigid gender roles imposed upon her demonstrates Ibsen's mastery of drama. For Nora Helmer is the doll that lives within the stultifying environment of the doll's house her husband and patriarchal society have constructed and imposed on her. Famed Swedish playwright August Strindberg noted that thanks to 'A Doll's House' marriage was revealed as being a far from ..."

Tags:marriage, patriarchy, control, gender roles, divorce, Ibsen, morality, Victorian Era, symbolism

Abstract
The paper asserts that Peter Shaffer's play "Amadeus", adapted as a film by director Milos Forman in 1984, is rich with symbolic meaning that expands the narrative to include broader themes and references. The paper discusses how it also includes specific instances of visual and musical symbolism, including color patterns, costumes, and the music of Mozart himself. An analysis of these and other symbols in Amadeus allows viewers to understand the narrative on a more profound and meaningful level.

Tags:peter shaffer's amadeus, amadeus film adaptation, symbolism in amadeus

Abstract
This paper examines symbolism in English war literature citing three novels as examples. These include Jeff Shaara's "The Rising Tide", Richard Galli's "Of Rice and Men", and James Bacque's "Our Fathers' War." The paper further outlines how that imagery captures the absurdity of war and its many contradictions by having symbols and concepts uneasily juxtaposed against one another.The paper concludes by stating that symbols serve as powerful communicators of war's destructiveness and perversity.

From the Paper
"There can be little doubt that symbolism is important to English war literature. With that in mind, the next several pages will look at war imagery as it appears in three novels - Jeff Shaara's The Rising Tide, Richard Galli's Of Rice and Men, and James Bacque's Our Fathers' War - and it will outline how that imagery captures the absurdity of war and its many contradictions by having symbols and concepts uneasily juxtaposed against one another. More than that, the paper will note how war inverts things, with the cross and the Church taking on chilling meanings while "dirt" becomes more meaningful than cleanliness. In the end, symbols serve..."

Tags:symbolism, war, literature

Abstract
The most striking feature of the collective body of critical response to "Billy Budd" is the sheer volume of differing interpretations of the piece's symbolism. Despite the profusion of differing opinions regarding "Billy Budd", there are two main schools of thought that most scholarly responses tend to represent. In this paper, I will briefly outline both of these critical theories and the principal symbols that support each.

Tags:melville's, symbolism

Abstract
This paper looks at the theories of Andre Bazin and Theodore Adorno about the human condition in modern film. The author contends that, while it is undeniable that film is created in the context of a cultural industry as Adorno suggests, Bazin's insights regarding the origins of its psychological power over the mass audience are critical to the appreciation of how film can function as a vehicle of both commercial and popular interests. The paper shows how the theoretical perspectives of both Bazin and Adorno are flawed in not considering the complex relationship between cinema and "realism" in terms of style, aesthetics and the role of the author.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Divergent Views on Cinema, Its History and Functions
The Human Factor - Cinema and Realism

From the Paper
"This argument is flawed in two respects: first, it ignores the fact that Welles was an "outsider" of the Hollywood system from the earliest days of his career, and far from being "forgiven" he was persecuted by the industry and its major business backers such as Randolph Hearst; and second, the problem of the "auteur" is not isolated to Welles or even a handful of cinematic innovators. Indeed, the history of cinema - even Hollywood cinema in the era of the major studios - is one of extraordinary creativity, innovation and dynamism."

Tags:audience, studio system, aesthetics symbolism welles