Abstract This paper explains that packaging plays two important functions: To be attractive to the consumer and communicate the right brand messages to be functional. The author presents a consumer cost-per-ounce argument and concludes that the 10 oz. aerosol can is the best consumer value. The paper stresses that the cost of producing aerosol cans is lower than that for tubes.
Table of Contents
Economics of Three Options
Incremental Contribution
Test Marketing
From the Paper "The three items, 5 ? oz tube (x), 5 ? oz aerosol can (Y) and 10 oz aerosol can (Z) will be available at the price of $3.95, $3.50 and $4.25 respectively. The company is deciding to set this price for the three items and it is therefore important to see which options would prove to be most feasible in the long run at the current price level. For this reason, we shall calculate the contribution that will be made by each item if they go into the market with this price tag. It appears from general study of prices that there exists a small gap of $0.75 between Y and Z while the oz difference is quite wide and this will only urge the customers to opt for Z instead of Y."
Abstract People with asthma and other breathing problems generally use inhalers to help them breathe better. There are many aerosol medications available, and each one is briefly discussed here.
Abstract This paper reviews the Newcomen engine in 1712, the discovery of oil drilling in 1859, and the development of the first combined aerosol can and valve in 1927. The author points out that, although all of these technological advances definitely did much to further the respective industries for which they were developed, as well as fueled the further advancement of many sectors of social and human development, they all share a significantly negative environmental impact on the upper atmosphere. The paper contends that the worst offender is oil production because it offends on the most fronts, environmental, health, economic, and political.
From the Paper "The method in which Newcomen's pump engine worked was a significant improvement upon existing pump technology. Up until Newcomen's invention, engines operated by the simple use of condensed steam vacuums to pull the water up. Not only was this inefficient, but it was also impractical. Newcomen, in contrast, "created his vacuum inside a cylinder and used it to pull down a piston. He then used a lever to transfer the force to the pump shaft that went down the mine: it was the first practical engine to use a piston in a cylinder."
From the Paper "In 1985, British scientists discovered a hole, the size of the United States, in the ozone layer; the hole had been occurring over Antarctica each spring since 1979 (World watch Paper 87). Although the theory said that a group of widely used chemicals called chloroflourocarbons (CFC's) would someday evade the upper atmosphere ozone, none of the models predicted it would be over the South Pole or that it would be so severe. Also during this period, the expected rate of the greenhouse warming accelerated because its relationship to CFC's became clearer to scientists (Miller and Mintzer). In the fall of 1986, the U.S. and European users and producers of CFC's and DuPont Chemicals, the largest single CFC manufacturer, endorsed limits on CFC production (Miller and Mintzer). Government decisions concerning Ozone depletion will influence the greenhouse problem, the (...)"
Abstract This paper examines data on the effects of aircraft emissions on stratospheric ozone since the 1960s discovery that the emission of nitrous oxides and water vapor in the engine exhaust from supersonic transport planes may be destructive to the ozone layer. The ozone layer is the layer which keeps much of the sun's biologically harmful ultra-violet radiation from reaching the Earth's surface stratospheric ozone. It also analyzes how the continual destruction and production of ozone and the complex reactions between aerosols and exhaust emissions makes it difficult to assess the extent of the problem with currently available data.
From the Paper "In 1971, Crutzen's theory was used to block the plan for the development of a fleet of high-speed supersonic aircraft (SSTs). It was believed that the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust from these planes would pose a serious threat to the ozone layer. As a result, the U. S. SST plan was abandoned. It is paradoxical that, while the environmental consequences of increasing the number of high-speed aircraft are viewed as being a serious threat to the ozone layer, air travel continues to increase annually (7). The demand for faster aircraft for travel to more distant destinations is spurring atmospheric chemists to research the effects of emissions from SSTs, and to develop ways to make engines whose exhaust is less damaging to the ozone layer."
Abstract This paper provides a detailed analysis of several gases and chemicals which are present in the air we breathe and how these are causing adverse effects on our health. It explains that air pollution created by humans is the most dangerous and discusses possible ways to reduce this phenomena.
Outdoor Air Pollution
Ozone
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulphur Dioxide
Acid Aerosols Particulates
Air Toxics
Carbon Monoxide
Lead
Asbestos
Asbestos: Health and Exposure
Potential Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on Health
War: Detrimental Consequences and Air Pollution
War Gases
Classification of War Gases
Asphyxiants (Irrespirable Gases)
Sewer Gas
Emphysema
From the Paper "The air that surrounds us is a mixture of 78 percent nitrogen; 21 percent oxygen; less than 1 percent of carbon dioxide, argon, and other gases; and varying amounts of water vapor. Any other particles, gases or unoriginal constituents hanging in the air which are not part of its original composition are called "Pollutants" and this kind of air is called
Polluted Air. Even inhaling small amounts of such air pollutants can have serious effects on one's health and leads to environmental problems. We can see some air pollutants such as the reddish-brown haze in smog; however, other air pollutants, including some of the most dangerous, are invisible.
Air pollution can be natural or human-made. Air pollution occurs naturally during volcano eruptions, forest fires, or dust storms. This has been an occasional problem for humans. However, during the past hundred years, air pollution created by humans has become a major, persistent problem."
Abstract This paper examines climate change, global warming, greenhouse gases reduction, removal and disposal and the intersections between treatment technologies, energy savings and sustainable energy sources. It presents case studies of companies competing in the alternative energy industry in general and in biomass conversion in particular. It then reviews the literature concerning particular technologies for application to current carbon energy sources researched and practiced by researchers, government and industry today. Essentially, this study examines the methods used to reduce, remove and dispose of greenhouse gas constituents.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Introduction
Importance of the Study
Background of the Problem
Problem Statement
Definition of Terms
Methodology Statement
Purpose of Study
Summary
Chapter II. Review of the Literature
Introduction
Defining Global Warming
The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Variability
Sources of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases and Induced Climate Change
Anthropogenic Induced Climate Change
Atmospheric Temperatures and Recent Climate Changes
Positive Feedback Loops
Important Issues Affected by Global Warming
Public Health Issues
Precipitation
Ocean Warming, Circulation and Acidification
Sea Level Rise
Snow and Ice
Biodiversity
Ozone Depletion
Summary
Constituents of Concern
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Chlorofluorocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Aerosols Assessment of Treatment Technologies
Biomass Today
Boosting Production
Carbon Capture
Flue Gas Cleaning
Molecular Sieve
Chapter III. Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter IV. Data Analysis and Discussion
From the Paper "Beginning in the nineteenth century, machines of the Industrial Revolution first began using fossil fuels including coal and petroleum and were the start of a new economic engine. While unrecognized as a potential global issue at the time, the increased use of fossil fuels during this period in history began to contribute to the accumulation of so-called greenhouse gases. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are a byproduct of the combustion process of fossil fuels. Since the beginning of Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels have increased 30%, CH4 levels have increase 15 % and subsequent increases have occurred in all other GHGs. The result is the average increase in global temperatures was 10F from the mid-nineteenth century till near the end of the twentieth century. Within the last 25 years the average global temperature increase has been an additional 0.80F. This temperature increase follows the increase in GHGs. Figure 1 shows the increases in carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides from their various sources from 1970 until 2004. Scientific consensus is that this increase is not that of natural variation or solar radiation changes but from the results of human activities. Not only from the burning of fossil fuels but from the diminished natural buffers created by farming and resulting deforestation (Braasch 2007)"
