Abstract This paper explains that patients often confide information through natural dialogue with nurses, expressing their understanding of their own health, their concerns about after-care, and personal needs they feel are or are not being met by other members of the health care team. The author points out that the greatest need for a patient advocate is in circumstances where temporary or chronic psychological diseases or processes, such as epilepsy, reduce the individual's ability to self-advocate. The paper relates that the position as advocate may put the nurse into circumstances of conflict with other care providers, especially doctors, but the role of the nurse is to advocate for the needs of the client.
From the Paper "The nurse has a distinct advantage, over many other health care professionals in that they often spend the most time with patients. In this role, they interact on a clinical as well as social level with the patient and in almost every setting learn things about the patient that others providing care may never know. It is for this reason that nurses are the most logical persons to act as advocates for patients. As an advocate for a patient a nurse might be able to influence care to better meet the holistic needs of patients."
Abstract In this work, the role of the nurse as the patient advocate in the field of psychology treatment is explored through two seminal works on the role of the nurse as advocate for the mentally ill patient. After reviewing these two works, Hummelvoll's "The Nurse-Client Alliance Model" and Vuckovich's ?The Ethics of Involuntary Procedures", the paper concludes that the role of the nurse patient advocate in psychiatric nursing is crucial to the well-being of the patient, and though it evolves with the differences in care and the level of self-advocacy, a patient can provide it is a major part of the care process.
From the Paper "The issue of ethics is central to the nurses ability to provide services for a client as his or her advocate and in one article the psych nurse's ability to base decisions on ethical grounds for the greater goods of the client is explored, and within the work the role of nurse as patient advocate is explored, though secondarily through the language of the article. Though issues become much more complicated when involuntary procedures are concerned nurses rely on experience, not excluding the experience with the patients themselves as a guide. Without the role of advocate these decisions would be much harder to make."
Abstract This paper documents the life of former slave Frederick Douglass, the father of the Underground Railroad. The author writes that Douglass was a great advocate of black men and women voting, and equal rights for blacks and women regardless of race. The paper provides a wonderful journey through the early struggles for racial equality and end to slavery by a brave leader in the pre-Civil War Era.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Emancipation
Enlistment of Black Soldiers
Fair Wages for Black Soldiers
Equal Treatment
POWs
Awards / recognition
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Most history classes teach only that Frederick Douglass was a freed slave who helped free others. While he was instrumental in the Underground Railroad and the emancipation of slaves, he was also a major civil rights advocate. He fought for their freedom, the equal treatment of blacks and the rights of women as well. He was an abolitionist, an orator, and editor of the North Star (later renamed Frederick Douglass? Paper)."
Abstract The paper shows how the play "Doctor Faustus" and the movie "The Devil's Advocate" both deal with similar themes including the struggle between good and evil and how the seven deadly sins can corrupt. It shows how, in each of the works, vanity is the primary sin that leads each character into evil. While this does create an overall similarity in theme, there are also some important differences between each work.
From the Paper "Faustus chooses to sign a pact with the devil because of his need to succeed. Faustus seeks power, imagining in the opening scenes that he will have wealth and have the ability to remake Europe and change the world. It is not only ambition that drives Faustus, it is also a belief that he knows better than everyone. Faustus refuses to accept anything he has studied, as these things are just the works of others, instead he believes that only what he has to offer is worth anything. This is how Faustus's pride appears in the play, in his belief in his own self-importance and his ambition to realize this importance. It is these qualities that allow him to reject God in the first place. While he is aware of the consequences, his excessive vanity causes him to believe that somehow he will be excused from the rules of God. This same vanity is also the downfall of Lomax in The Devil's Advocate."
Abstract This paper looks at the three major arguments of gun-control advocates and disproves them one by one. The major arguments are - more guns, more crimes; possible accidental deaths and criminal access to guns.
Thesis: Despite the good intentions of gun control advocates, their means in attaining what they want are entirely misguided and misinformed.
Table of Contents
Accidental Death
Child killed by ownership of firearm
Suicide in relation to ownership of firearms
More Guns More Crime
Gun ownership as a crime prevention
Gun ownership for self-defense is most common
Gun ownership as a deterrent to tyranny
Criminal Acquisitions of Guns
Limiting the attainability legally of guns only limits law-abiding citizens
Criminals acquire guns on black market
Brady Laws do nothing to deter criminal misuse
From the Paper "Gun Control has been a center issue in American Politics for quite some time. Advocates of Gun Control often state the hazards of owning guns and their constant use in criminal activity. The ultimate solution for these people is to completely eliminate the right of an individual to own a gun. On the other hand, the Anti-Gun Control advocates state that people are responsible for their own actions and that the existence of the gun is not what causes crime, or accidental death. So despite the good intentions of Gun Control advocates, their means in attaining what they want are entirely misguided and misinformed."
Abstract This paper addresses the current situation that our country is facing with "spam." It focuses on spam advocates, the opposition, and their points of view. Some groups examined are the marketers, Internet service providers, consumers, organizations, and free speech advocates. The paper is written with a tendency towards electing an opt-in procedure for future spam. There is great support with statistics and summaries of spam legislation. It contains extremely current information and data.
From the Paper "In this paper we are exploring the issue of spam and whether or not the US should adopt an "opt in" or "opt out" procedure. To do this we are looking at the major players involved in the spam problem that plagues the Internet today. These groups include marketers, Internet service providers (ISPs), consumers, corporations, and free speech advocates. We will also be taking into consideration examples from other countries, such as Korea and the UK, who have already adopted legislation on the issue. Thus far in the United States only "opt out" legislation has been considered. The "opt out" system establishes the right to oppose spam for those who do not wish to receive commercial non-solicited communications. The "opt in" scheme means that commercial non-solicited communications are only addressed to those who have given their previous and express consent for it. There are both positive and negative implications in both of these systems for each of the major players in the US. We will discuss these thoroughly and argue that "opt in" is the system that the United States should adopt."
Abstract The paper discusses the life of Frederick Douglass, born a slave and the first African-American leader and abolitionist in American history. The paper notes that he escaped from slavery and became a powerful anti-slavery advocate as well as an advocate for women's rights. The paper continues by exploring the achievements, the many books that he wrote, and the various government positions he occupied.
From the Paper "His determination to break free from the bondage of slavery led him to take advantage of every chance to learn to read. He learned reading and writing from white playmates and other people in the street, sometimes exchanging the learning with bread. In 1838, he impersonated an African American sailor and escaped to New York. There, he assumed the new family name, Douglass, and married Ann Murray, a free African American woman from the South. They lived in New Bedford, Massachusetts where they had several children. At the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society annual convention in 1841, Douglass was so inspired by the anti-slavery speech of William Lloyd Garrison that he delivered his own."
Abstract The paper shows that abortion, according to the Court, refers to the termination of pregnancy with the consent of the mother. Therefore even when the mother herself is demanding abortion, pro-lifers maintain that termination must not be allowed because it violates basic rights of the unborn child. The paper shows too how the pro-choice quarter on the other hand, advocates a mother's right to health and feels that an unwanted child would only lead to numerous economic, social and emotional problems for the woman. The paper therefore addresses both sides of the issue and also briefly mentions the role of the Supreme Court in this area.
From the Paper "The pro-choice movement on the other hand advocates rights of the mother. It maintains that a child in the womb is not a fully developed person and therefore his rights are not as important as that of the mother and similarly it is her life and health, which must be kept in mind, when decision regarding pregnancy is being made. (Gordon, 1995) Logically speaking, this group appears to have more valid and reasonable arguments in favor of its stance in the subject but there are certain extremes, which are to be avoided by this group. This is because it is the extreme views, which have turned pro-lifers against pro-choice group. The extreme involves not considering the unborn child a human being even in the final stage of pregnancy. It is true that a child cannot be called a person in prenatal stage, but still he is a fully developed human being when pregnancy has reached the end of its term. Therefore to support abortion at this stage is absolutely wrong because it would be the same thing as killing a human being. "
Abstract This paper is a critical analysis of Ralph Nader's article, "Nader's Nineties: How to Put the Punch Back in Politics," following the structure of M. Neil Browne and Stuart M. Keeley's book, Asking the Right Questions. Nader, one of the best know activists in America, is critical of the ability of consumer advocates to keep pace with the corporate capitalists they are fighting against.
From the Paper "This paper is a critical analysis of Ralph Nader's article, "Nader's Nineties: How to Put the Punch Back in Politics," following the structure of M. Neil Browne and Stuart M. Keeley's book, Asking the Right Questions. Nader, one of the best know activists in America, is critical of the ability of consumer advocates to keep pace with the corporate capitalists they are fighting against. His article proposes a prescriptive remedy for what he sees as a dire political vacuum. This paper considers whether or not he has made a solid case for his argument and proposed workable solutions. Although Nader is a powerful, passionate force himself, his logic is not always sound nor his conclusions always complete. This paper examines the weaknesses of his writing and suggests ways in which he could build a better case."
Abstract This paper begins with an explanation of the Social Darwinism theory advocated by Herbert Spencer and derived from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The paper defines Social Darwinism as a social theory that promotes a society that allows natural selection of the fittest and suggests setting up a social system that extends no benefits to the weak or the ill. The paper points out what is wrong with this theory, examines why Spencer believed it would lead to the attainment of human perfection, and addresses the question of whether Spencer's views were scientific or the result of a social ideology.
From the Paper "Herbert Spencer intended to use Social Darwinism in order to propagate human perfection. An interference with the natural process of selection will alter the course of a perfect society. It is important to identify what interference is. In a society that tends to achieve perfection, any efforts made by any entity to better the state or prolong the existence of the imperfect will be considered as interference. Hence, the poor are one of the weak entities in a society when viewed under the lens of Social Darwinism. The government is the entity that may support/aid the poor to prolong and propagate its survival in the society. Herbert Spencer suggested that the government support or interference by providing aid to the poor will alter the course of a perfect human society by allowing the poverty to propagate. Spencer viewed this intervention as threat to a perfect society, hence opposed all government aid to the poor. In fact, Spence supported the laissez-faire system political and economic system in order to remove all support from the state to the weak and incompetent."
This paper discusses schizophrenia, a debilitating but treatable brain disease. It also discusses how the American culture views persons suffering from schizophrenia negatively.
Abstract This paper stresses that schizophrenia is a disease, and social workers should advocate for their schizophrenic patients with the same vigor that they would for any other patient. The author points out that recovery is contingent upon access to treatment, proper diagnosis, interventions, access to medications, support systems, and the way an individual's culture responds to its citizens suffering from mental illness. The paper reports that schizophrenics experience barriers to employment opportunities and housing and are vulnerable to a variety of crimes and deceptions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Ideology and Genetic Disposition
Environmental and Cultural Factors
Treatment
Social Worker's Role
From the Paper "The Mayo Clinic (2004) reports that schizophrenia is an ?illness that affects approximately one percent of the population worldwide. It most commonly appears between the ages of thirteen and twenty-five, and often earlier in males than in females. In men, schizophrenia typically emerges in the teens or twenties. In women, the onset typically is in the twenties or early thirties.? Schizophrenia is a very cruel condition that lasts for at least six months and includes at least one month of active-phase symptoms. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000) defines the characteristic symptoms that need to be met in which two or more of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period."
Abstract This paper explains that the stipulation of quality patient care is a priority in all health care facilities. The author points out that a definition of caring is 'intentional actions that convey physical care and emotional concerns and promote a sense of security in another'. The paper relates that nurses view caring for patients as comforting, trusting, monitoring, facilitating, advocating, following through, and meeting their psycho-social needs.
From the Paper "Also, when nurses? were asked what caring behaviors do they undertake in the care of their patients, a comparison of sub-scales revealed similarities and differences between general and psychiatric nurses. Some of the similarities of importance between the nurses? were monitoring and following through, whereas the importance of listening and talking to the patient was highly disagreeable. When asked do gender, age, qualification and work environment affect nurses? care behaviors, comforting behavior was ranked higher by women then men and older nurses? ranked anticipates as of higher importance than younger nurses."
Abstract This paper explains that, unlike national health care, a government-operated, tax-funded system, the type of system, which is currently operated in Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and other countries,the majority of health care funding in the U.S. comes from the private sector. The author points out that advocates of national health care ague it would reduce costs by eliminating unnecessary, duplicative paperwork, adopting mechanisms to stretch health care dollars, such as bulk purchasing of medications, and implementing measures to control future health care costs, such as negotiating fair fees with doctors and budgets with hospitals. But some economists put the cost of national health care reform at $339 billion per year in additional taxes. The paper concludes that the only people who are really better off are the uninsured, with everyone else footing their bill and sacrificing their own health care, which isn't a good option for most working Americans because national health care expands coverage to all by raising taxes, rationing services, and limiting modern medicine.
From the Paper "Those in favor of national health care also believe that our health care is inadequate compared to other countries with national health care. The U.S. spends more per person on health care than any other country in the world, but the World Health Organization ranked the U.S. 37th in the overall quality of health care that it provides. We are the only industrialized country that lacks universal health care. More than forty-two million Americans have no health insurance, with access distributed unequally among rich and poor and among the races."
Abstract This paper describes the life, career and accomplishments of Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis, a women's rights advocate, social reformer, educator and author. The paper describes her support and active involvement in temperance, abolition, women's rights and other reform movements and the reforms she was able to help advance as a result her involvement in these movements.
From the Paper "Paulina Kellog was born August 7, 1816 in Bloomfield, New York, on the very day that Captain Hall "delivered up the fort at Detroit" (Paulina1 pp). Her father was a volunteer in the army and her grandfather, Saxton, was a colonel in the Revolution and belonged to Lafayette's staff (Paulina1 pp). Paulina was orphaned at the age of seven and adopted and raised by her strict and religious aunt and moved to LeRoy, New York (Paulina pp)."
Abstract This paper discusses the topic of birth control. The paper offers several reasons why birth control should be taught in the nation's schools to help America's young people engage in safer sex. The paper contends that, while a policy of abstinence is advocated by some as a way to combat premarital and teen sex, most young people are unlikely to adopt a policy of abstinence. Therefore, the author says, birth control should be encouraged and young people should learn about the different forms of birth control in school so they can have safe choices and knowledge before they face the issue of premarital sex.
From the Paper "While on the decrease, teenaged pregnancy is not going away. One Web Site notes, "8,589 babies were born to teenagers in 2002 (decrease of 6,888 births from 1998). These babies will fill more than 505 kindergarten classrooms in 2007" ("Gift of Life," 2003). Many of these babies will face additional problems and poverty because they were born to children themselves. Many of these young mothers will never finish high school, and face dismal prospects in the job market and throughout life. In addition, the United States "boasts" the highest teen pregnancy rate and teen birth rate in the industrialized world. Even more disturbing is that over 25 percent of teen mothers will have another child within two years of their first ("Gift of Life," 2003). These figures are disturbing, but they indicate just what a huge problem the U.S. faces in teen pregnancy, and why birth control should be taught in schools around the nation. Making teens more aware of themselves, their bodies, and their reproductive choices could save many teens from a lifetime of parenthood before they are prepared, and in actuality save the country millions of dollars in social programs and health care costs. In addition, most countries around the world advocate birth control choices for their citizens, and so, they have fewer problems with teen pregnancy and premarital sex. The United States often seems Puritanical in its societal beliefs, and sometimes this old-fashioned thinking gets in the way of social progress and reform."
